READING AND WRITING

WEEK-3 & 4
ROSELYN E. LAZALITA, SUBJECT TEACHER
HOUSE RULES
• Be Polite.
• Keep your CP in your bag and put it in the silent
mode.
• Listen attentively to your teacher/classmate
whenever s/he talks.
• Be participative and cooperative.
REPORTING TIME
SET B • SET C
REVIEW
There are four common types of assertion enumerated
by Tiongson.
• 1. Statement of Fact
• 2. Statement of Opinion
• 3. Statement of Convention
• 4. Statement of Preference
• This is a statement that can be
proven objectively by direct
experiences, testimonies of
witnesses, verified observations, or
the results of research.
• Opinions are based on facts, but are
difficult to objectively verify because of
the uncertainty of producing
satisfactory proofs of soundness.
• A convention is a way in which something is
done, similar to traditions and norms.
Conventions depend on historical
precedent, laws, rules, usage, and customs.
• Preferences are based on personal choice;
therefore, they are subjective and cannot be
objectively proven or logically attacked.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• Formulate evaluate statements about a text
read:
Counterclaims in response to claims made
in text read (EN11/12RWS-IVac-9.2)
• Determine textual evidence to validate
assertions and counterclaims made about a
text read.
EN11/12RWS-IVac-10)
FORMULATING
COUNTERCLAIMS
LESSON 1
• To be an effective critical thinker, it is not
enough just to be able to identify claims and
assertions. It is also important to have the
ability to analyze an argument and
counterclaims.
• Counterclaims are claims made to rebut a
previous claim. They provide a contrasting
perspective to the main argument.
• Counterclaims, as defined by Tiongson (2016),
are “claims made to rebut a previous claim. This
point of view is in contrast to previous claims
made by the author.
• To present objectivity, the writer must be
aware of the counterclaims to his or her
claims. Considering the other side of the
argument may help you identify the
weaknesses and strengths of your claim,
giving you the leeway to open more details
to make the reader believe.
Tiongson gave the following questions that can
help you formulate a counterclaim:
• What are the major points on which you
and the author can disagree?
• What is their strongest argument? What
did they say to defend their position?
• What are the merits of their view?
Steps in Writing a Counterclaim
Step One – Ways to begin counterclaim
paragraphs
• Many people believe that . . .
• It is often thought that . . .
• It might seem as if . . .
• While it is common . . .
Step Two – Ways to transition from the opposite
side back to your opinion
• What this argument fails to consider is . . .
• This view sounds convincing at first but . . .
• Although the core claim is valid, it suffers from
the flaw in its . . .
• Step Three – Write a counterclaim. Use one
of the sentence starters in step one.
Remember to transition back to your
opinion. Use one of the sentences starters in
step two.
Counterclaim example:
is often thought that social studies is the
favorite academic class for junior high school
students. However, what this argument fails
to consider is that science allows for more
hands-on activities. For example, when
studying amphibians, you get to dissect a frog
rather than just read about an event from the
past.
ACTIVITY 1

Directions: Read the given claim. Write

your counterclaim based on the given
claim.
Example:
Claim:
Hybrid cars are an effective strategy to fight pollution.

Counterclaim:
Many people believe that hybrid cars are an
effective strategy to fight pollution. This view
sounds convincing at first but instead of focusing
on cars, which still encourages a culture of driving
even if it cuts down on pollution, the nation should
focus on building and encouraging the use of mass
transit systems.
• TEST-1 1. Claim: Tracking
devices on phones is
a good idea because
if you go somewhere
your parents will
know your
whereabouts.
Counterclaim:
2. Claim: Being
grounded is a good
idea depending on
what they did.
Counterclaim:
________________________
________________________
________________________
DETERMINING TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
LESSON 2
What is textual evidence?
• Textual evidence is information gathered
from the text that supports your assertion
or counterclaim about the text. It refers to
any proof of an argument, a claim, a
counterclaim, an assertion cited in the text
leading to a conclusion.
In expressing your judgment about the text,
1. First, state your idea about the text.
2. To determine evidence from the text, look
for clues and keywords that support your
idea about the text.
3. Quote or paraphrase the part of the text
that helped you come up with your idea.
4. Use quotation marks to quote a part of
the text. If it is from a book, indicate the page
number at the end of your sentence.
5. Lastly, express how the quote supports
your idea.
In citing textual evidence, you need to quote,
paraphrase or refer to the very specific part
of the text where you can use to support
your own thoughts and ideas.
types of textual evidence:
• Referencing
This is the act of mentioning a specific section of
the text like an event or action.
Examples:
• According to Fussell, ‘The Oxford Book of English
Verse presides over the Great War in a way that
has never been fully appreciated’ (159).
• Strickland tells the story of Minty Nelson, a 27-
year-old Seattle University employee and student,
whose encounter with a census worker epitomizes
the identity battle faced constantly by multiracial
people.
Paraphrasing
This is restating an author’s or someone
else’s work using your own words without
losing the original idea of the text.
 Example:
The original passage: The paraphrase:
• Students frequently overuse direct • In research papers students
quotation in taking notes; as a often quote excessively,
result they overuse quotations in failing to keep quoted
the final (research) paper. material down to a desirable
Probably only about 10% of your level. Since the problem
final manuscript should appear as usually originates during
directly quoted matter. Therefore, note taking. It is essential to
you should strive to limit the minimize the material
amount of exact transcribing of recorded verbatim (Lester,
source materials while taking 1976 p. 46 – 47)
notes (Lester, 1976 p. 46 – 47)
Summarizing : This is stating the essential ideas
together of the text in a shorter way.
The original passage: The summary:

• Students frequently overuse direct • Students should take just

quotation in taking notes; as a
result they overuse quotations in a few notes in direct
the final (research) paper. quotation from sources
Probably only about 10% of your to help minimize the
final manuscript should appear as
directly quoted matter. Therefore, amount of quoted
you should strive to limit the material in a research
amount of exact transcribing of
source materials while taking
paper (Lester, 1976 p. 46
notes (Lester, 1976 p. 46 – 47) – 47)
Quoting: This is stating a part of a text in the exact
way it was written.
• Example:
• Samantha King, a forensic specialist, stated that
“DNA evidence is usually indisputable.
• According to Confucius, “You can’t open a book
without learning something.”
• Support your statements with textual
evidence to come up with strong or solid
arguments, and make your ideas more
credible. You can come up with good textual
evidence by selecting the most relevant section of
the text that strongly supports your statement
about the text.
Why do you need to determine textual
evidence?
• The need to answer questions after
reading a text and or to share our ideas
enables us to go back to what we have read
and give evidence from it to prove that you
are not just manufacturing your thoughts
• Oftentimes, when we you are asked about
how nice a movie was, you need to cite
part or parts of the movie which could
support your thoughts that it was indeed a
very nice movie worthy to be watched. What
you are doing is using textual evidence.
Example:
• Eric often gets wet on Saturdays. He wakes up
at 6 o’clock in the morning and goes straight
to the faucet. He prepares a basin, soap,
shampoo and a stool. One by one, he calls out
his fur friends for the Saturday mornings
“ritual”.
Question: Based on the text, what is Eric’s work
on Saturday mornings?
a. Washes clothes
b. Cooks for breakfast
c. Baths his pets
d. Preparing for work
• Textual Evidence: One by one, he calls out
his fur friends for the Saturday mornings
“ritual”
TEST-2
Directions: Read the passages carefully. Write
the letter of your choice on your paper
• 1. A lot of people waste time driving around
when they are lost. This can be avoided by
asking other people for direction. The trick
is to find a person who would point the right
direction.
1. Which of the following is an assertion regarding this text?
A. People should ask directions from strangers when they
are lost so that they do not waste time driving.
B. I agree with the claim of the writer that people should ask
directions from strangers to save time by asking someone
reliable such as gas station attendant.
C. I disagree with the claim of the writer that people should
ask directions because they might end up getting lost longer
if a stranger gives them wrong directions.
D. All of these are correct.
“A handshake does not mean the same thing around the world.”
Which of the following is the best paraphrase?

A. A handshake does not mean the same thing

around the world.
B. Internationally, a greeting by shaking hands is
not the same.
C. A handshake means something different around
the world.
D. All of these are correct.
TEST-3
Directions: Practice choosing the strongest
piece of textual evidence to support the claim.
Write the letter of the correct answer on
Claim: A diet rich in fruits and vegetables has
many benefits.
A. Fruits and vegetables taste good.
B. Eating lots of fruits and vegetables lowers
your risk of heart disease.
C. There are many colorful fruits and
vegetables for you to try.
Claim: Exercise is important for the growth and
development of children.
A. Children watch too much television.
B. All children love to ride their bikes outside and
on trails through the forest.
C. Children who are active will have stronger
muscles and bones.
Claim: Bullying is a common problem in schools
across the province.
A. Children who are bullied experience suffering
that can interfere with their emotional and social
development.
B. Surveys indicate that as many as half of all
children are bullied at some time during their
school years.
C. Action needs to be taken to stop bullying now!
ANSWER KEY