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Syntax

The document discusses noun phrases and verb phrases in clauses. It defines noun phrases as phrases headed by a noun that can function as subjects, objects, complements, or adverbials in a sentence. The document also defines verb phrases as consisting of either a single verb or an auxiliary verb combined with a main verb, and distinguishes between main verbs and auxiliary verbs.

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30 views

Syntax

The document discusses noun phrases and verb phrases in clauses. It defines noun phrases as phrases headed by a noun that can function as subjects, objects, complements, or adverbials in a sentence. The document also defines verb phrases as consisting of either a single verb or an auxiliary verb combined with a main verb, and distinguishes between main verbs and auxiliary verbs.

Uploaded by

med lui
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Noun phrase

Noun Phrases is phrase which is a noun is the


head.
There are four kinds of Noun Phrase functions:
1. Noun phrase as a subject
2. Noun phrase as an object
3. Noun Phrase as a complement
4. Noun phrase as an adverbial
1. Subject is one of syntactic functions. It usually comes
before verb phrases. It is normally noun or Noun phrases.
ex: a. she is student
b. the children are playing in the yard

2. object, is one of syntactic functions that refers to creatures


ex: a. I give him money
io do
b. I give money to him
do io
io= living creatures
Do= un-living creatures
3. complement, A complement is any word or phrase that completes the
sentences.
ex: 1. Catty is my cat
S Comp.
2. I call my cat Catty
O Comp.

4. Adverbials
adverbials is one of the elements of a clause. Adverbials are optional and
can be freely added or removed without disturbing the grammaticality of
the clause.
Examples:
1. The bought a new book in Gramedia. (correct)

2. They bought a new book. (correct)

3. They bought in Gramedia. (unacceptable)


1. Noun Phrase as subject
for examples:
a. I am a Student.
b. his birthday is 15 June.

1a. S

NP VP

Det NVaux NP

 NVaux Det N

 I am a student
1b. His birthday is 15 June
S

NP VP

Det N Vaux AdP (time)

det N Vaux

his birthday is 15 June


2. Noun phrase as an Object
for examples:
a. She removed small metal object.
b. I need candies in topless.
2a S

NP VP

N V NP

N V det1 det2 N

she remove small metal object


2b. I need Candies in topless.
S

NP VP

N V NP PP

N V N Prep N

I need candies in topless


3. Noun Phrase as Complement
For examples:
a. Laras is my best friend in Senior High School.
b. 28 March is his birthday

4. Noun Phrase as adverbial


For examples:
a. She should come early morning
Verb phase
1. Main verb characteristically function as the head
of verb phrases.
2. There are two kinds of verb:

Main Verb: run, sleep, buy, etc.

Verb
Auxiliary Verb:
Primary: do, have, has, does, to be, etc.
Modal: will, can, may, shall, etc.
Notes:
Verb do, to be, and have can be main verb.
for examples:
1. I do it. (do as main verb)
2. Do you read it? (aux. verb)
Analysis:
sentence 1 and 2 are different. Verb do in sentence
1 is a main verb, because it is only one verb. It is not
the same with verb do in sentence 2, do in sentence 2
is only verb, because the main verb is read. Do in
sentences 2 is an auxiliary verb, to form an
interrogative sentence because the sentence is present
tense.
3. I am an English Department student. (main
verb)
4. I was repairing my car when he entered my
house. (aux. verb)

Analysis:
Verb am (to be) in sentence 3 is not the same
with was (to be) in sentence 4. Verb am (to be) in
sentence 3 is a main verb, but was (to be) in
sentence 4 is not main verb, it is auxiliary verb,
because the main verb is not was but repairing.
5. I have a new car. (main verb)
6. I have done it. (aux. verb)

Analysis:
According to the data above, it shows that the
verb have in sentence 5 is a main verb, because
the verb have is the only verb. Verb have in
sentence 6 is not a main verb but an auxiliary
verb, because the main verb is done.
Verb phrases may consist of
1. Single verb.
2. Auxiliary (-ies) verb + main verb.

Look at this column:


The following are some examples of verb phases
Number Pre-modifiers Head-word
1 Sank
2 Was Sinking
3 Has been Sunk
4 Must have been Sinking
5 Must have been Sunk
being
The tree diagram will be like this:

1. Sank VP

HW(Head Word)

sank
Note: the verb phrase may consist of a single verb
2. was Sinking VP

Pre-M HW

Vaux V

was sinking
3. has been sunk
VP

Pre-M HW

V Aux1 V Aux2 V

has been sunk


4. Must have been sinking

VP

Pre-M HW

V Aux1 V Aux2 V Aux3 V

Must have been sinking


5. Must have been being sunk

VP

Pre-M HW

V Aux1 V Aux2 V Aux3 V Aux4 V

Must have been being Sunk


Conclusion:
1. Verb phrase may consist of a single verb.
2. Verb phrase may have one or more pre-
modifiers.
3. A main verb is different from auxiliary verb.
4. The auxiliary verb is member of function group.
5. The main verb is a member of lexical group.
1. The doors has been singing at the crowd public
announcement.
2. The monkeys ate banana with the cheerful faces
two days ago.
3. Mirna gives Ali beautiful gift for his birthday on
September 10.
4. The Barretts of Wimpole Street has been
recounting the confrontation with Elizabeth’s
father and their eventual elopement against his
wishes.

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