PROJECTIONS

The technique of representing a 3D object or a scene on a 2D plane

PROJECTION
or space is called projection.

3D object

2D plane
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 Some Examples of Projections

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 PROJECTIONS TAXONOMY / TYPES of Projections

PERSPECTIVE PARALLEL Parallel lines of sight produce

Parallel Projection

Non-Parallel lines of sight

radiating from a point produce
Perspective Projection
Oblique Orthographic

VIEW PLANE
VIEW PLANE
One Principal Vanishing Point Projection lines are Projection lines are
Perpendicular to the view
NOT Perpendicular plane
to the
view plane

Cabinet Multiview Axonometric

Projection plane is parallel • Displays more than one face of an object.
Half Depth
Two Principal Vanishing Point to principal planes • Projection plane is not parallel to
principal planes.
Third Angle Isometric
Object is placed in third quadrant All three angles
and projected onto three are equal
Cavalier principal planes.

Full Depth

Three Principal Vanishing Point Diametric

Two angles are
equal
First Angle
General Object is placed in First
Depth Varies quadrant and projected onto
three principal planes. Trimetric
No equal
angles

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 PROJECTIONS
There are two broad classes of projection:
– Perspective: Realistic looking and used in computer graphics
– Parallel: Typically used for architectural and engineering
drawings

Perspective Projection Parallel Projection

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 Line of Sight … is an imaginary ray of light between an Observer’s eye and an object.

In Perspective Projection, all line of sights start at a single point.

In Parallel Projection, all line of sights are parallel.

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 View Plane / Plane of Projection / Image Plane

… is an imaginary flat plan upon which the image created by the lines of sight is
projected.

… in effect 3D object is transformed into a 2D representation.

… A sheet of paper or a computer screen where the sketch or drawing is created is a

Plane of Projection or a View plane.

View Plane

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 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
When the Projection Lines from a scene or an object appear to meet at a certain point
(called projection reference point or Centre of projection), then it is a case of perspective
projection.

Following figure shows a case of Perspective Projection:

- Perspective Projections produces

realistic views but doesn’t preserve
relative proportions (ie, size
changes).

- Size of the object projected on the

view plane becomes smaller and
smaller as the real object goes far
from the view plane.

- Example: Aeroplane

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- Vanishing Point / Centre of Projection / Projection Reference Point: The point at
which a set of projection lines appear to converge.

- Principal Vanishing Point: When the vanishing point is on either x-axis or y-axis or
z-axis.
Z

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Perspective Projection : Some Illustrations

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 Perspective Projection Real Life Examples

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 Types of Perspective Projection

One Principal Vanishing Point

Three Principal Vanishing Point

Two Principal Vanishing Point

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 Perspective Anomalies

No doubt, the Perspective projections generate realistic views but at the same
time introduce certain anomalies as well.

Various types of anomalies are:

1. Perspective Foreshortening

2. Vanishing Points

3. View Confusion

4. Topological Distortion

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 1. Perspective Foreshortening The farther an object is from the Centre of
Projection, the Smaller it appears on the view
plane

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 2. Vanishing Point

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 3. View Confusion

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 4. Topological Distortion

If the view plane is parallel

to the plane containing the
Centre of Projection and
the Object then the
projection of that object
will be at infinity as shown
in the figure on Right Hand
Side.

Following examples are not Topological distortions but help in

understanding the concept.

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 PARALLEL
PARALLEL Projection

Oblique Orthographic

VIEW PLANE
VIEW PLANE
Projection lines are Projection lines are
Perpendicular to the view
NOT Perpendicular plane
to the
view plane

Cabinet Multiview Axonometric

Projection plane is parallel • Displays more than one face of an object.
Half Depth
to principal planes • Projection plane is not parallel to
principal planes.
Third Angle Isometric
Object is placed in third quadrant All three angles
and projected onto three are equal
Cavalier principal planes.

Full Depth

Diametric
Two angles are
equal
First Angle
General Object is placed in First
Depth Varies quadrant and projected onto
three principal planes. Trimetric
No equal
angles

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Orthographic
Projection lines are Perpendicular to the view plane

Two Types
VIEW PLANE

Multiview Axonometric

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Tejinder Thind, LPU
 Types of Multiview Projection

1. Third Angle 2. First Angle

Object is placed in third quadrant and Object is placed in First quadrant and
projected onto three principal planes. projected onto three principal planes.

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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGjVnXgUpQM
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 3. Auxiliary View 4. Sectional View
• Lines of Sight are not parallel to the Describe the internal features
Principal Projection Planes.
of an object in more detail.
• Infinite number of Aux. Views can be
there

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Tejinder Thind, LPU
 Oblique Projection lines are NOT Perpendicular to the view plane

VIEW PLANE

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