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BIOMATERIALS

The document provides an introduction to biomaterials. It defines biomaterials as materials intended to interface with biological systems to treat, augment or replace tissues and organs. Biomaterials can be metals, ceramics or polymers. They are used in applications such as artificial joints, heart valves, and intraocular lenses. The success of biomaterials depends on factors like biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Biocompatibility refers to a material's ability to perform its function with an appropriate host response.

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Kavya Hegde
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232 views29 pages

BIOMATERIALS

The document provides an introduction to biomaterials. It defines biomaterials as materials intended to interface with biological systems to treat, augment or replace tissues and organs. Biomaterials can be metals, ceramics or polymers. They are used in applications such as artificial joints, heart valves, and intraocular lenses. The success of biomaterials depends on factors like biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Biocompatibility refers to a material's ability to perform its function with an appropriate host response.

Uploaded by

Kavya Hegde
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOMATERIALS

Lecture 1: Introduction to Biomaterials


What is it biomaterial?
 A material intended to interface with biological systems
to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace any tissue, organ
or function of the body (Williams, 1999).

 Any substance (other than drugs) or combination of


substance , synthetic or natural origin, which can be used
for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system
which treats, augments, or replace any tissue, organ or
function of the body.

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What is it biomaterial?
 A biomaterial is any material, natural or man-made,
that comprises whole or part of a living structure or
biomedical device which performs, augments, or
replaces a natural function"
 “A systemically and pharmacologically inert substance
designed for implantation within or incorporation with
living system” (The Clemson University advisory Board for
Biomaterials.(

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Biomaterial
Application in
Human Body

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Current status of the field

 Today, biomaterials represent a significant


portion of the healthcare industry, with an
estimated market size of over $9 billion per year
in the United States.

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Current status of the field
 Cardiovascular area:
 approximately 100,00 replacement
heart valves and 300,000 vascular graft
implanted per year in US.
 Artificial joints replacements:
 Over 500,000 artificial joint
replacements, such as knee or hip, are
implanted yearly in United States.

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Future Directions
 Starting 1960s-1970s
 The first generation of biomaterials was designed to
be inert, or not reactive with the body
 Decreasing the potential for negative immune
response to the implant.
 In 1990’s until now
 Materials designed to be bioactive, interacting in
positive manner with the body to promote localized
healing.
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Future Directions
 Development of “smart” material which can help
guide the biological response in the implant area.
 Design of injectable materials that can applied
locally and with minimal pain to the patient.
 New set of nano-structured biomaterials for
nano-scale objects as reinforcing agents.

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Application of Biomaterials

 Biomaterials that will be used may be considered from the point of view of
the problem area that is to be solved:
Problem Area Examples

Replacement of diseased or Artificial hip joint, kidney dialysis machine


damaged part

Assist in healing Sutures, bone plates, and screws

Improve function Cardiac pacemaker, intraocular lens,


cochlear implant

Correct functional abnormality Cardiac pacemaker

Correct cosmetic problem Breast implant, soft tissue augmentation,


chin augmentation

Aids to diagnosis Probes, catheter


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Aid to treatment Catheters, drains
Application of Biomaterials

 Biomaterials that will be used may be considered from the point of view of the
organ that will need to be replaced or improve:

Organ Heart

Heart Cardiac pacemaker,


artificial heart valve, total
Lung artificial heart
Eye Oxygenator machine
Ear Contact lens, intraocular lens
Bone Cochlear implant
Kidney Bone plate, screw
Bladder Kidney dialysis machine
Catheter and stent
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Type of Biomaterials
 Biomaterials are classified as:
 Organic if contain carbon
 Inorganic if they do not.

 More specifically biomaterials fall into one of


three of materials:
 Metals (inorganic material)
 Ceramics(inorganic material)
 Polymers (organic material)

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Type of Biomaterials
Materials Advantages Disadvantages Examples
Polymers
Nylon, Resilient, Not Strong, Sutures,
Polyethylene, Easy to Deforms with vascular graft,
Silicone, fabricate time, hip socket,
Teflon, may degrade intraocular
Dacron, lenses
Acrylates,
PGA, PLA

Metals
Titanium and its Strong, May corrode, Joint
alloys, Tough, Dense, replacement,
Co-Cr alloys, Ductile Difficult to make Bone plates and
stainless steel, screws,
Gold Dental root
implant
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Type of Biomaterials
Materials Advantages Disadvantages Examples
Ceramics
Aluminum oxide, Very Brittle, Dental implant,
Calcium biocompatible, Not resilient, Femoral head of
phosphates, Inert, Difficult to make hip replacement,
Carbon Strong in Coating of dental
compression and orthopedic
implants

Composites
Carbon-carbon Strong, Difficult to make, Joint implants
Ceramic-polymer less stiff than Weak in tension Dental fillings
metals,
Strong in
compression

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Performance of biomaterials

 The success of biomaterials in the body depends


on factors such as:
 Material properties
 Design of the implants
 Biocompatibility of the materials
 Technique used by the surgeon
 Health and condition of the patient
 Patient activities

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The Concept of Biocompatibility

Definition of biocompatibility:

“Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform


with an appropriate host response in a specific application”
(William 1987).

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The Concept of Biocompatibility

 Biocompatibility characteristic:
 Biocompatibility involves the acceptance of an
artificial implant by the surrounding tissues and by
the body as a whole.
 Biocompatible materials
 Do not irritate the surrounding structures
 Do not provoke an abnormal inflammatory response
 Do not incite allergic or immunologic reactions
 Do not cause cancer

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The Concept of Biocompatibility

 Biocompatible materials have adequate mechanical


properties.
 Biocompatible materials have appropriate optical
properties (eye).
 Biocompatible materials have appropriate density.

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Examples of Biomaterials
application
 Artificial hip joint
 Needed because natural joint wear out.
 Replacement hip joint are implanted in
more than 90 000 humans each year in
US.
 Fabricated from titanium, ceramics,
composite, UHMWPE.
 After 10-15 years, the implant may
loose, require another operation.

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Examples of Biomaterials
application
 Prosthetic Heart valve

 Fabricated from carbon, metal, elastomers, fabrics, natural


valves and tissue chemically pre-treated.

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 Show good performance as soon as the valve is
implanted but have some problems:
 Degeneration of tissue
 Mechanical failure
 Postoperative infection
 Induction of blood cloth

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Examples of Biomaterials
application
 Intraocular lenses (IOL)
 Used to replace a natural lense when it
become cloudy due to cataract
formation.
 Fabricated of poly (methyl
methacrylate), silicone elastomer, soft
acrylic polymers or hydrogels.
 Complication: IOL stimulate outgrowth
cells from the posterior lens capsule →
cloud the vision.

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