Scribd
Upload
55 views

BMI Presentation

This document discusses blood-biomaterial interactions and evaluation methods. It outlines concerns with biomaterials activating blood components like coagulation, inflammation, and cell destruction. Common evaluation methods include hemolysis and coagulation assays by incubating biomaterials with blood and analyzing activation markers and cell/protein interactions. The document also covers corrosion and wear of biomaterials from interactions with the environment, and limitations of only evaluating local thrombus formation to determine blood compatibility.

Uploaded by

Dhruv Desai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
55 views

BMI Presentation

This document discusses blood-biomaterial interactions and evaluation methods. It outlines concerns with biomaterials activating blood components like coagulation, inflammation, and cell destruction. Common evaluation methods include hemolysis and coagulation assays by incubating biomaterials with blood and analyzing activation markers and cell/protein interactions. The document also covers corrosion and wear of biomaterials from interactions with the environment, and limitations of only evaluating local thrombus formation to determine blood compatibility.

Uploaded by

Dhruv Desai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

CHAOTER-4

BLOOD-BIOMATERIAL INTERACTIONS

DESAI DHRUV R
200280103058
HINAL BOGHARA
200280103014
INTRODUCTION

o Every day, thousands of devices made from synthetic materials or


processed natural materials are interfaced are interfaced with blood.
o This chapter outlines some methods and concerns in evaluating the blood
compatibility of biomaterials, and the blood compatibility of medical
devices.
o The interaction of biomaterials with blood leads to cellular as well as
humoral reactions, which can result in an unwanted inflammation
and activation of coagulation and/or fibrinolysis.
o To determine the blood compatibility of implant materials, hemolysis
and blood coagulation assay are the most commonly used methods.
BLOOD BIOMATERIAL INTERACTIONS

o Hemocompatibility is one of the major criteria, which limit the clinical


applicability of blood-contacting biomaterials.
o These materials come in close contact with blood, which is a complex “organ,”
comprising of 55% plasma, 44% erythrocytes, and 1% leukocytes and platelets.
o Thus, adverse interactions between newly developed materials and blood should
be extensively analyzed to prevent activation and destruction of blood
components.
o The initially adsorbed protein layer on the biomaterial surface mainly triggers the
adverse reactions, such as the activation of coagulation via intrinsic pathway, the
activation of leukocytes, which results in inflammation, and the adhesion and
activation of platelets.
BLOOD BIOMATERIAL INTERACTION
o As a result, the number of blood cells can decrease and a thrombus can be formed.
o Thus, the applied blood-contacting biomaterials should not adversely interact with
any blood components and activate or destruct blood components.
o Erythrocytes are the most abundant blood cells with 4–6 × 106 cells/μl and they are
important for the transport of oxygen (O2) from the lung to all tissues and cells and
carbon dioxide (CO2) from tissues back to the lung.
o Since erythrocytes are the most rigid cells in the blood, they are sensitive to rupture
and hemolysis due to shear stress and changes in osmotic pressure.
o Blood platelets are the smallest (1–3 μm) and the second abundant cell type in the
blood with 1.5–3.5 × 105 cells/μl, which can rapidly recognize foreign surfaces and
initiate blood coagulation.
o Catheters, guidewires, dialyzer, oxygenators (artificial lungs), heart-supporting systems,
cardiac pacemaker, vascular grafts, stents, heart valves, micro-, and nanoparticles are
widely used medical devices and materials coming in direct contact with blood.
o The devices are divided into three categories concerning blood contact:
(1) Externally communicating devices with indirect blood contact, e.g., cannulas and
blood collection sets;
(2) Externally communicating devices with direct blood contact, e.g., catheters and
hemodialysis equipment;
(3) Implant devices, e.g., heart valves, stents, and vascular grafts.
o First, fresh human blood is collected and
anticoagulated with low dose heparin.
o Thereafter, the test material is incubated
at 37°C using static, agitated, or dynamic
test models with the blood.
o The activation markers in the blood are
analyzed before and after the incubation
with the test material.
o Furthermore, the surface of the
biomaterial is analyzed to determine the
interaction of blood cells and proteins
with the biomaterial surface.
CORROSION AND WEAR
o Breakdown of metals into smaller particles by the interaction with the environment is
called corrosion.
o Corrosion may lead to loss in mass, functionality, mechanical integrity and sometimes
esthetic quality, while the release of corrosion products and flow of the corrosion
currents may cause inflammation, allergic reactions, local necrosis, etc.
o The electrochemical degradation of metals caused by dissolution or formation of non-
metallic corrosion products is directly caused by the oxidation part of the process, while
reduction plays an enabling role.
o Types of corrosion:-
1. Uniform dissolution(homogenous metal surface)
2. Galvanic corrosion(combination of two dissimilar metal)
3. Concentration cell corrosion(potential difference in electrode)
4. pitting corrosion(mechanical effect)
WEAR

o Wear is a critical issue for prosthesis, implants and medical devices.


o Wear damage to the surface of the material may include any manner of surface
degradation, including material removal, material displacement due to plastic
deformation, topology changes, etc.
o Wear may lead to significant loss of material and/or failure of medical device.
o Wear is classified based on the following characteristics:
1. The physical mechanism by which the wear damage occurs
2. The appearance of the wear damage
3. The condition of the wear process.
o Possible scenarios for blood-materials interactions, and limitations of
evaluating only local thrombus formation at fixed time points.
o (A) Device remains free of thrombus.
o (B) Large thrombus forms and remains attached.
o (C) Large thrombus forms but detaches (embolizes).
o (D) Surface is highly reactive toward blood but deposited material is
quickly removed through microembolism and/or lysis.
o Inspection of devices (C) and (D) could lead to the incorrect conclusion
that these surfaces are blood compatible.

You might also like