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Lecture 07 0322 - Intro To Refining Processes - NOTES

The document provides an overview of crude oil refining processes. It begins with an introduction to desalting crude oil, which involves four steps: 1) water washing, 2) heating, 3) coalescence, and 4) settling. This removes up to 90% of salt. Further salt can be removed through a two-stage desalter, removing 99% of salt. The document then discusses the major refining processes and unit operations involved in refining, including distillation, solvent deasphalting, hydrotreating, catalytic reforming, and catalytic cracking. It concludes with an overview of light component processing and residue upgrading through processes like coking and visbreaking.

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anis shuib
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32 views

Lecture 07 0322 - Intro To Refining Processes - NOTES

The document provides an overview of crude oil refining processes. It begins with an introduction to desalting crude oil, which involves four steps: 1) water washing, 2) heating, 3) coalescence, and 4) settling. This removes up to 90% of salt. Further salt can be removed through a two-stage desalter, removing 99% of salt. The document then discusses the major refining processes and unit operations involved in refining, including distillation, solvent deasphalting, hydrotreating, catalytic reforming, and catalytic cracking. It concludes with an overview of light component processing and residue upgrading through processes like coking and visbreaking.

Uploaded by

anis shuib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to the

Refining Processes
Introduction to the
Refining Processes
Learning outcomes
a. To comprehend the overall processes and unit
operations involved in a typical refining process
of crude oil.

b. To understand the desalting process of crude oil


Figure: A Typical Refinery
Desalting Process
Figure: A Typical Refinery
Desalting of crudes

• Crude carries brine(emulsion) in the form of very


fine water droplets.
• Dissolved salts in fine water droplets
Desalting of crudes

• Desalting: salt removal – brine solution


• 5kg total salts (NaCl)/ thousand barrels salty
crudes
• Salts, chlorides of calcium, magnesium – overhead
corrosion due to the hydrolysis process at 150-
200C generating HCl.
• Salt deposits inside heat exchanger causes fouling
and reduce heat transfer efficiency.
Desalting Process

1. Water washing
2. Heating
3. Coalescence
4. Settling
Desalting Process

1.Water washing
Water is mixed with crude
through mixing valve
Water dissolve salt crystals
Demulsifying agent is added to
break the emulsion
Desalting Process

2.Heating
Temperature of 48.9-54.4 C
Separate water-oil emulsion
Change the viscosity and density
of oil.
Desalting Process
3.Coalescence
Water droplet diameter 1-10
micron.
Coalescence larger droplets.
Introduce electrostatic electric
field between 2 electrodes.
Aided by agitation
Desalting Process

4.Settling
Gravity settling
Depends on density, viscosity
and droplet diameter
Desalter

1. Water washing
2. Heating
3. Coalescence
4. Settling

90% of salt
removal
Desalter
Desalter – 2 Stage
99% of salt
removal
Crude Oil Refining
Figure: A Typical Refinery
CDU PRODUCTS

Figure: A Typical Refinery


CDU MAJOR REFINING PROCESSES /
PRODUCTS
UNIT OPERATIONS

Figure: A Typical Refinery


CDU MAJOR REFINING PROCESSES /
BLENDING PRODUCTS
UNIT OPERATIONS

Figure: A Typical Refinery


CDU

Figure: A Typical Refinery


Crude Distillation Products
REFINING PROCESSES
REFINING PROCESSES
1. Solvent Deasphalting
1. Solvent Deasphalting
1. Solvent Deasphalting
2. Solvent Extraction
2. Solvent Extraction
2. Solvent Extraction

Extraction unit employing Furfural as Solvent


Solvent Dewaxing
3. Solvent Dewaxing
3. Solvent Dewaxing
REFINING PROCESSES
4. Hydrotreating
4. Hydrotreating
4. Hydrotreating
5. Catalytic Reforming
5. Catalytic Reforming
5. Catalytic Reforming
6. Catalytic Hydrocracking
6. Catalytic Hydrocracking
6. Catalytic Hydrocracking
7. Catalytic Cracking
7. Catalytic Cracking
7. Catalytic Cracking
Summary
Remaining Processes
a.Light Component Processing
b.Residue Upgrading
a. Light Component Processing
8. Catalytic Isomerization
• Isomerization of light naphtha is the process in which low
octane number hydrocarbons (C4,C5,C6) are transformed to a
branched product with the same carbon number. This process
produces high octane number products-Iso-paraffins and
cyclo-paraffins.

• One main advantage of this process is to separate hexane (C6)


before it enters the reformer, thus preventing the formation of
benzene which produces carcinogenic products on combustion
with gasoline.

• The main catalyst in this case is a Pt-zeolite base. Lower


temperature of 95-205C is preferred to achieve higher
equilibrium conversion.
9. Isomerization
9. Alkylation and Polymerization
• Refinery gases produced from different unit are sent for gas
processing plant. Olefins and iso-butanes are separated and
used as a feed to the alkylation plant.
• Alkylation is the process of producing gasoline range material
(alkylates) from olefins such as propylene (C3=),butylenes
(C4=) and amylene (C5=) and iso-butane.
• Butylene is the most widely used olefin because of the high
quality of the alkylate produced.

C3=, C4=,C5=, isobutane


9. Alkylation
REFINING PROCESSES
b. Upgrading Vacuum Residue
b. Residue upgradation
Residue is heavier fraction of crude boiling over 540
C which contains high amount of metal impurities,
sulphur and basic nitrogen and higher amount of
asphaltenes and resins, aromatics and thus higher
conradson carbon residue.

Vacuum residue is considered as mixture of two main


types of components:
1. Long chain paraffinic hydrocarbons
2. Condensed aromatics or asphaltenes types
Residue Upgrading

These are upgrading procedures for vacuum


residues (heavy residue to lighter products)

•Solvent Deasphalting
•Coking
•Visbreaking
10. Coking
10. Coking
11. Visbreaking
11. Visbreaking
CDU MAJOR REFINING PROCESSES /
BLENDING PRODUCTS
UNIT OPERATIONS

Figure: A Typical Refinery


Thank you
Please sign the attendance sheet

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