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Session 6

1) Perception involves how individuals organize and interpret sensory information to make meaning of their environment. It is influenced by stimuli, the perceiver, and the context. 2) Attribution theory examines how people make causal explanations for behaviors. People tend to attribute their successes internally but failures externally. 3) Managers need awareness of perceptual biases and should seek verification, be empathetic, and avoid inappropriate attributions to minimize distortions when perceiving others.

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Dr. Deepti Sharma
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52 views

Session 6

1) Perception involves how individuals organize and interpret sensory information to make meaning of their environment. It is influenced by stimuli, the perceiver, and the context. 2) Attribution theory examines how people make causal explanations for behaviors. People tend to attribute their successes internally but failures externally. 3) Managers need awareness of perceptual biases and should seek verification, be empathetic, and avoid inappropriate attributions to minimize distortions when perceiving others.

Uploaded by

Dr. Deepti Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PERCEPTION

And Attribution Theory


INTROUCTION
Perception includes all those processes by
which an individual receives information
about the environment seeing ; hearing :
feeling : tasting and smelling, study of these
perceptual processes shows that their
functioning is affected by three classes
of variables ; the objects or events being
perceived ;the environment in which
perception occurs and the individual doing
the perceiving
MEANING
• Perception is an intellectual process of transforming
sensory stimuli to meaningful information. It is the process
of interpreting something that we see or hear in our mind
and use it later to judge and give a verdict on a situation,
person, group etc.

• Perception is simply defined as how a person perceives


the world around them and interprets that information. It is
a subconscious thing that the mind does and is dependent
on your ability to pay attention to your surroundings and
your existing knowledge.
DEFINITIONS
• Stephen P. Robbins: – “Perception may be defined as a
process by which individu­als organise and interpret their
sensory impressions in or­der to give meaning to their
environment.”
• Joseph Reitz: – “Perception includes all those processes
by which an individual receives information about his
environment—seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and
smelling.”
• Fred Luthans: – “Perception is an important meditative
cognitive process through which persons make
interpretations of the stimuli or situation they are faced
with”
IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION
•helps in understanding the difference between the
perceptual world and the real world.
• Individuals have different degrees of readiness to
respond to objects, people, and events.
•Perception is what helps individuals to use the
knowledge they have in an entirely different situation
from that in which they learned it. Ex. Uses of knife.
•A universal managerial assumption that subordinates
always want promotion eventhough in fact, many
subordinates really feel psychologically compelled to
accept a promotion.
IN SHORT
• Perception is the process by which a person gives
meaning to the environment;
• People’s actions, feelings, thoughts and emotions are
driven by their perceptions about their surroundings;
• Perception has been defined in various ways; It basically
refers to the way in which a person experiences the world;
and
• Perception is an almost automatic process and works the
same way within each individual, yet it usually produces
different perceptions.
FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTION
FA C TO R S INFLUENCING PERCEPTION
Stimuli Organising
External & Internal Organism receives stimuli
thru five sensory organs,
Selective tasting, smelling, seeing,
Attention Internal Factors
External hearing,
Nature Learning touching.
Location Needs
Size Age Ambiguous figures,
Contrast Interest figure ground, Grouping,
Repetition Ambivalence Constancy
Novelty Paranoid
Familiarity Perception Response
Interpreting Covert Overt
Perceptual set ,attribution  
Attitudes  
,stereotyping halo effect, Motivating Behavior
defence, projection feelings
,

9
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
• When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to
determine whether it is internally or externally caused.

● Distinctiveness :
• Degree of similar behavior in different situations.
● Consistency :
• Degree of engaging in same behavior at different
time.
● Consensus :
• degree to which other people engaging in the
same behavior.
Attribution Theory

11
Attribution Theory
► As a result of various combinations of above three aspects we
form impressions our of our attributions and causes of
behavior.
►  Behavior is caused internally forces within (ability)or externally,
forces in persons environment (task).
►  Under conditions of high consistency distinctiveness and high
consensus perceiver attribute behavior to external causes.
►  When distinctiveness and consensus low attribute
behavior to internal causes.
► If poor performance attributed to internal factors
certain strategies can be adopted to improve.
►  Similarly for external factors.
►  One can also make attribution to oneself if one

attributes pay raise to hard work than continue to reinforce


Person Perception: Making Judgments
About Others
1. Fundamental Attribution Error 
• The tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the influence of
internal factors when making
•  judgments about the behavior of others.

2. Self-Serving Bias
•The tendency for individuals to attribute their own
successes to internal factors while putting the blame for
failures on external factors.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others
1. Selective Perception
•People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
2. Halo Effect
•Drawing a general impression about an
individual on the basis of a single characteristic

3. Contrast Effects
•Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected by
comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank
higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others
• 4. Projection
•  Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people.

• 5. Stereotyping
• Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of
the group to which that person belongs.
M A N A G E R S S P E C I F I C A L LY NEED T O
DO
● Re co g n i ze ev ery o n e has the potential to increase p e r f o r m a n c e.

● Instill confidence in oneself.

● Set h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e goals.

● Positively reinforce employees f o r a j o b done well.

● Pro v ide constructive f eedback when necessary.

● H e l p employees a d v a n c e t h r o u g h organisation.

● I n t r o d u c e n e w employees as if t h ey h a v e outstanding potential.

● B e c o m e a w a r e o f p erso nal p rej u dices a n d non v e r b a l messages t hat m a y di s co u ra ge

others.

● E n c o u r a g e employees to visualize successful execution of tasks.

● H e l p employees to m a s t er skills a n d tasks.

● A t t r i b u t i o n biases l ead to i n a p p r o p r i a t e m a n a g er i a l actions incl promot ion increments.


MANAGING PERCEPTION PROCESS
● Successful managers understand importance of
perception as influencing factor on behavior and
act accordingly.
●
Tools possessed by managers skilled in
perception processes.

P OS SES ES HIGH L E V E L O F S E L F AWARENESS

● Individual needs experience and expectation can


affect perceptions.
● Applies correction when such tendencies a identified.

Co nt ...
S E E K V E R I F I C AT I O N F R O M DIFFER ENT S O U R C E S
● Minimizes biases of personal perception by
seeking others viewpoint.
● These insights used to gain additional perspective
on problems.
BE EMPATHETIC 
● Different people view same situation differently
● Rise above personal impression and see others point
of  view
INFLUENCE W R O N G PER CEPTION O F O T HER S
People act based on perceptions.
●
● Rectify wrong perceptions to interpret work
situations correctly
Co nt ...
AVOID P E R C EP T U A L DISTORTIONS T H AT
BIAS V IEW S O F PEO PL E / SIT UA T IO NS :
● Stereotype or halo effects distort views or situations
●Are self disciplined / self aware to minimize distortion
AVOID INAPPROORATE ATTRIBUTION :
● Everyone has a tendency to explain way / how
events happiness.
● Successful manager careful to establish real
reasons and avoid in appropriate actions.
D IV ER SI TY M A N A G E M E N T P R O G R A M M E S :

● With globalization diversity management


assumes importance.
● Challenge is to leverage this diversity
● Minimize perceptual and behavioral problems
that tend to accompany heterogeneity. Co nt ...
UNOW Y O U R SEL F :
● Apply the Johari window to know real self
● Powerful way to minimize biases is to know
and become more aware of ones values beliefs
and prejudices.
S O C I A L PER CEPTION :
● Forces of combining integrating and inter prating
information about others to gain accurate
understanding of them same as perception but focus
is on people.

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