Unit 7 Diet and Growth
Unit 7 Diet and Growth
7.1 Nutrients
Biology 1
Balanced diet
Biology 2
Delicious
?
Biology 3
Malnutrition
Biology 4
Over-eating
ANYONE?
Biology 5
Over-eating
Biology 6
Biology 7
Diets
Food is important for
• Three roles:
1. Provide materials for growth and repair
2. Provide energy to keep your cells alive
3. Provide vital elements and compounds to
maintain chemical reactions in your cells
(Maintain your health)
Biology 8
Function of each types of nutrients
Biology 9
IMPORTANT –
WATER IS NOT A NUTRIENT
• Water helps to dissolve and carry substances
around your body
• You need water to sweat and to keep you cool.
Biology 10
IMPORTANT –
FIBRE IS NOT A NUTRIENT
• Example of fibre: Vegetables.
• Fibre is needed to keep you intestines (gut)
healthy.
• Fibre forms most of your solid waste or faeces
• Lack of fibre – CONSTIPATION
Biology 11
Is this a balanced diet?
Biology 12
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Carbohydrates
• Energy (Released through – RESPIRATION)
• Carbs – STARCH
• Glucose – simple sugar
• Starch – lots of glucose joined together
Biology 16
Biology 17
Why are chocolate and cakes not suitable
source of carb?
Diabetes
Type 1 - Born with –
genetics (Don’t produce
insulin)
Biology 18
Testing foods for starch - Iodine test
To test for starch, we use iodine solution
- Add a few drops of iodine solution to the food
solution
- If the solution turns a dark blue-black colour,
the food contains starch.
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Lab work - 13/7 @ 9.20 - 10.00
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Lab work - Iodine Test - 13/7 @ 8 - 8.40 am
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Proteins
• Made of amino acids (there are 20 of them)
• To build structures, growth and repair
• To organise chemical reactions in cells
Biology 23
Biology 24
Biology 25
BIURET TEST
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Fats
• Important source of energy
(more than carb & prot)
• Building cells
• Insulation (Nerves)
• Protect vital organs
• Reduce heat loss
• Help with vitamin absorption (ADEK)
Biology 32
Biology 33
Biology 34
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Textbook page 237
1. Protein
- Example - fish, meat, egg, dairy products
- Why - To make new cells; for growth and repair
Carbohydrate
- Example - pasta, corn, potatoes, noodles, rice
Fat
- Example - cheese, butter, whipped cream, avocado,
fatty meat
- Why - For energy , for insulation
36
2. Food refers to anything we eat such as
chicken and rice whereas nutrients refer to
substance contained in the food such as protein,
vitamins and minerals.
37
Vitamins & minerals
• Needed in much smaller amounts than other
nutrients
• Vitamins – Help chemical reactions
• Minerals – provide strength & help cells to
function properly
Biology 38
Different types of vitamins
Vitamin A
- Important to
- vision - maintaining a clear cornea
- growth - grow and maintain epithelial tissues.
- cell division - male and female reproduction as well
as to support many developmental processes.
- reproduction - signaling mechanism to initiate cell
division in the gonad
- immunity - help white blood cells to fight pathogens
39
Vitamin A
- Lack of Vitamin A
- Night blindness / Dry eyes
- maternal mortality and other poor outcomes of pregnancy
and lactation.
- Dry skin - eczema
40
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is
necessary for
- the growth,
- development and repair of all body tissues. -
formation of collagen,
- absorption of iron,
- the proper functioning of the immune system,
- wound healing
- the maintenance of cartilage, bones, and teeth.
42
Food rich in Vitamin C
43
Lack of Vitamin C - Scurvy
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D - fat soluble vitamin
Function
- Help the body absorb and retain calcium and
phosphorus (building bone)
- Strengthen the immune system
- Prevent certain types of cancer - repair and
regeneration of cells
- Improve brain function
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Minerals - Calcium
99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bones,
1% is found in blood, muscle, and other tissues
Functions:
- associated with healthy bones and teeth
- Blood clotting - Activation of several coagulation
factors
50
51
Hypercalcemia -
Excess Calcium and Vitamin D
- digestive distress, such as vomiting, nausea,
constipation, and stomach pain
- fatigue, dizziness, hallucinations, and confusion
- loss of appetite
- excessive urination
- kidney stones, kidney injury, and even kidney
failure
- high blood pressure and heart abnormalities
- dehydration
52
Minerals - Iron
70 %of your body's iron is found
1.Haemoglobin - transferring oxygen in your blood
from the lungs to the tissues
2.Myoglobin - in muscle cells, accepts, stores,
transports and releases oxygen.
Functions:
- Formation of haemoglobin
- Formation of hormones
53
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Iron Deficiency - Iron Depletion
• tiredness and lack of energy
• shortness of breath
• noticeable heartbeats (heart palpitations)
• pale skin
• Cold hands and feet
• Brittle nails
• Unusual craving for non-nutritive substances
55
Anaemia
Anaemia is a decrease in
the number of red blood
cells in the blood, meaning
that less oxygen can be
carried by the blood to
various organs and
tissues,. The main
symptoms are tiredness
and lethargy.
IMPORTANT –
WATER IS NOT A NUTRIENT
• Our body cannot store water - need fresh
supplies to make up the lost.
• 60% of the body is made up of water
• Water helps to dissolve and carry substances
around your body
• You need water to regulate your temperature.
Biology 57
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Side Effects of Not Drinking Enough Water
1.Persistent headaches
2.sluggish bowel function - hard stools,
constipation, abdominal pain, cramps
3.Dull skin
4.Fatigue
5.Weight gain
6.Dry mouth
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TB page 240
3.
Vitamin A
examples of food - carrot, spinach, dairy products, squash,
green leafy vegetables, pumpkin, fish, sweet potatoes
Why - to improve vision especially at low light
- to help to fight pathogens
Vitamin C
Example - citrus fruits, berries, potatoes, fresh vegetables,
tomatoes
Why - to keep skin strong, to increase wound healing, to
keep blood vessel healthy
62
TB page 240
3.
Vitamin D
Example - Oily fish, milk, cheese, egg
Why - to increase absorption of calcium, for strong
bones and teeth
Calcium
Example - dairy products, nuts, seeds
Why - for strong bones and teeth
63
TB page 240
3.
iron
Example - red meats, dark vegetables, fish, shellfish
Why - to make haemoglobin
64
TB page 240
5. The main nutrients are proteins in lentils and
cheese, fat in the cheese, Vitamin A, D, iron and
calcium in the lentils.
65
WB page 134
7.1A
Proteins - for growth (making new cells)
Vitamin A - To help with night vision
Calcium - strong bones and teeth
Carbs - Respiration to release energy
Iron - to make haemoglobin
Vitamin D - absorb calcium, strong bones and teeth
Fat and oil - use in respiration to release energy; to
make an energy store under the skin
Vitamin C - To keep skin strong and able to heal
quickly
66
WB page 135
7.1B
1.Chicken
2.Orange
3.100 g -> 4 g of fat and oil
200 g -> 8 g of fat and oil
4.Sofia is right because Brazil nuts contain 60 g of
fat but only 16.18g of other nutrients.
5.Milk because it has the second highest quantity
(120 mg) of calcium
Brazil nuts because it has the highest amount
(180 mg) of calcium
67
WB page 137
7.1C
Protein
Function - growth and repair of body cells; making
haemoglobin and antibodies
Carbohydrates
Function - main source of energy, which is released by
respiration.
Food - Grains, potatoes, pasta, bread
68
WB page 137
7.1C
Vitamin A
Functions - Helps in night vision, fight pathogens
Vitamin C
Food - Beef liver, citrus fruits, squash
Vitamin D
69
WB page 137
7.1C
Calcium
Function - strong bones and teeth
Iron
Function - formation of haemoglobin
Food - meat, fish, shellfish, nuts and seeds, dark
leafy vegetables
Water
70
Summary
Nutrients For
Carbohydrate Energy
s
Proteins Growth and repair
Fat Store energy
Vitamins Aid chemical reactions in cell
Malnutrition
• not having balanced diet (not enough nutrients)
Over-eating
• extra energy is stored as fat
• higher risk of heart disease or diabetes
• too much sugar can cause tooth decay (acid from
microbes)
Biology 72
Fats
• make up to 20-30% of the food you eat
• supply more than twice as much energy per
gram as carbohydrate
• Two main types of fats:
saturated and unsaturated
• saturated fat can increase the risk of heart
disease
• unsaturated fat is better for health
Biology 73
What is balanced diet?
A balanced diet is one that fulfills all of a
person’s nutritional needs.
74
How much energy do you need?
Generally, the recommended daily calorie intake is 2,000
calories a day for women and 2,500 for men.
77
Importance of fibre
Dietary fibre is important for
- our digestive health
- regular bowel movements
- helps you feel fuller for longer
- can improve cholesterol and blood sugar
levels
- can assist in preventing some diseases such
as diabetes, heart disease and bowel cancer.
78
Tips to increase fibre intake:
- Eat whole fruits instead of drinking fruit juices.
- Replace white rice, bread, and pasta with processed
brown rice and other whole grains
- Add high-fiber foods to current meals
- For breakfast, choose cereals that have a whole grain
- Snack on crunchy raw vegetables or a handful of almonds
- Substitute beans for meat two to three times a week
- Fibre supplement. However, fiber supplements are not
intended to completely replace high-fiber foods.
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Not too much
Short-term effects of eating too much
• Acid reflux or heartburn
• Feeling sluggish
• Stomach discomfort
• Elevated blood sugar
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Not too much
Long-term effects of eating too much
• Weight gain
• Increased risk of type 2 diabetes
• Insulin resistance
• Leptin resistance
• Elevated triglycerides
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Homework
TB pg 244 Qs 1 - 6
pg 247 Qs 7 - 8
WB Pg 138 - 144
83
TB page 244
1.8 MJ per day
2.Some 8 year old children may have higher
metabolism and are very energetic. Hence,
more food is needed.
3.Some may have low metabolism rate and they
could be not doing much exercise or sports.
4.When a person is at 15, they do more exercise
and is still growing. Hence, more energy is
needed to make new cells.
84
TB page 244
5. This is because girls are smaller in size and
they are not as active as boy on average.
6. (a) growth
(b) fish
(c) sugar
(d) fat
85
TB page 244
7. (a) We should reduce the amount of sugar
and fat because too much of these foods can
cause weight gain, tooth decay and diabetes.
86
TB page 244
(c) You can eat tofu, beans, eggs, and dairy products
(c) This is because his meal contain too much fat and
oils. This will cause weight gain
87
WB page 138
Exercise 7.2 A
1.it helps to move food down easily through
our alimentary canal. (Bowel movement)
2.Eggs, mutton - Foods from animal source
contains no fibre
3.Chicken - 0 g
Rice -6g
Spinach - 6 g
Total - 12 g
88
WB page 141
Exercise 7.2 B
1.Carbohydrate and fat
2.He will gain weight as the excess nutrients will become
fat and store in his body.
3.(a) 2.8 MJ
(b) 2.8 MJ
(c) An eight-year-old boy has smaller body mass and is
less active. Hence, lesser energy will be needed
compare to a teenage boy.
(d) Women has smaller body mass compared to men
and they are also less active compared to men.
89
WB page 143
Exercise 7.2 C
Breakfast
- Oatmeal parfait - carbohydrates
- Fruits - Vitamins , fibres
- Nuts - iron, fibre
- Yoghurt - calcium
Lunch
- Gnocchi, potatoes, flour - carbohydrates, fibre
- Cheese - fat and oil, calcium, vitamins
- Eggs - Protein
- basil garnish - fibre 90
WB page 143
Exercise 7.2 C
Dinner
- Rice / noodles - carbohydrate
- Seafood - fish/prawn etc - Protein
- Lemon chicken - vitamin / protein / fat and oil
- Sea cucumber soup - protein / minerals/ fat and
oils
- Vegetable - manicai / midin - fibre
- Rojak - fibre
- tofu - protein / fibre
91
Growth, development and health
Growth
- A process of physical maturation resulting an
increase in size of the body and various
organs.
- It occurs by multiplication of cells and it is
quantitative changes of the body
- Energy is needed to make cells divide
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Growth, development and health
Growth
- To the increase in cell size (mass accumulation)
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Cell division a process by
which a parent cell divides,
when a mother cell divides
into two or more daughter
cells.
95
Growth, development and health
Development
- It is the process of functional and
physiological maturation of the individual. It
is progressive increase in skill and capacity to
function.
- It is qualitative aspects
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Growth, development and health
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What Factors Determine My Newborn’s
Physical Growth?
Size of parents - Big and tall parents may have
larger-than-average newborns; short and petite
parents may have smaller-than-average newborns.
101
Smoking
Nose hair
Nose hair
• Nose hair is a natural part of the
human body - defense system.
• Nasal hair keeps harmful debris (larger
particles) out of the body system and
maintains moisture in the air we breathe.
• Smaller particles such as
microorganisms / bacteria are stick to
mucus
Cilia
• Cilia are tiny hair like structures on the
surface of the cell.
• The hairs sweep hair, mucus, trapped dust
and bacteria up to the back of the throat
where it can be swallowed.
Cilia in the trachea
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHAznLTc
B14
• Nicotine
- addictive
- affects brain cells
- narrow blood vessels and increase blood pressure
- Smokers are more likely to develop heart disease
• Particulates - Tobacco
- Tiny particles of carbon and other materials
- Get trapped inside the smoker’s lung
- Wall of alveoli break down - difficult to get enough
oxygen
Smoking and lung damage
Deaths caused by smoking:
• lung cancer
• heart disease
• lung disease
• other disease
• other cancer
• stroke
Coughing and the substances in smoke
destroy alveoli
130
TB pg 249
1.The cells in the body divides to produce more
cells. The cell division continue to occur
which make the body bigger.
2.Protein helps in the growth and repair of
cells. Without sufficient protein, the growth
of cells will be slowed down as cell division
occur more slowly.
3.About 3.6%
4.100 - 3.6 = 96.4%
131
TB pg 249
5. The more a mother smokes, the more likely it
is her baby will have a low birth weight. smoking
more than 15 cigarettes increases the chance
from 3.6% to 9%, making it 2.5 times more likely.
132
WB pg 145
Exercise 7.3A
1.(a) respiratory
(b) digestive disease
2.39%
3.2 x 39 = 78
4.21%
5.5 x 21 = 105
6.greater; men; women
7.more men than women are smokers; men are
more susceptible to those disease
133
WB pg 145
Exercise 7.3B
1.Malaysia
% of women = 1.4%
% of men = 43.0%
WB pg 152
4. E-cigarettes supply users with nicotine, so they will
still get the drugs to which they are addicted but can
gradually reduce the amount of nicotine in the e-
cigarettes until they are smoking nicotine free e-
cigarettes 134
7.4 Moving the body
135
The Human Skeleton
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140
Joints
Hinge joints
a type of joint that functions much like the hinge
on a door, allowing bones to move in one
direction back and forth with limited motion
along other planes.
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Joints
Ball-and-socket joints
a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped
surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-
like depression of another bone
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144
Joints in the arm
145
TB page 254
1.A joint is a place where two bones meet.
2.(a) Hinge joints at the elbow joint and knee
joint
(b) shoulder joint and hip joint
146
Muscles
- Muscles are soft tissues.
- Many stretchy fibers make up your muscles.
- You have more than 600 muscles in your
body.
- Different types of muscles have different jobs.
147
Skeletal muscle:
Is in our biceps, triceps, postural muscles, etc
Smooth muscle:
Is found along our digestive tract: used to move
food along
Cardiac muscle:
Is found in the heart
148
For your knowledge. You don’t have to
remember this one
149
Contraction and relaxation of muscles
Muscle contraction
The tightening, shortening, or lengthening of
muscles when you do some activity.
Muscle relaxation
The contracted muscle returned to their
original/ normal state
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151
Energy demand and supply in muscles
152
The tendons
A tendon is a cord of strong, flexible tissue, similar
to a rope.
156
Biceps and triceps
The triceps are
- found on the back of the upper arm and are
responsible for arm extension.
- It originates just below the socket of scapula,
and at two distinct areas of the humerus. It
extends downwards and attaches on the
upper part of the ulna
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158
159
The antagonistic muscles
Muscle pair as one muscle contracts the other
muscle relaxes or lengthens
160
What happen when you are bending the
elbow joint
When you want to bend your arm:
1.Your brain will sends an electrical impulses
along a neurone to the biceps muscle
2.The cells in the biceps will respond to the
impulses by contracting. (The muscle will
become shorter)
3.The bones are pulled closer together and the
elbow bends
161
What happen when you are straightening the
elbow joint
*** Muscles can generate force by becoming shorter
but cannot generate a force by getting longer***
162
Homework
TB Page 255 qs 3-6
Page 260 - 262 - all questions
WB page 153 -158
163
TB Page 255
3. The radius
4. scapula, humerus and ulna
5. It has three attachments - one at the scapula,
and two at the humerus
6. as the muscle contracts, it exerts a pulling
force on the tendon, which transmits the force
to the bone. If the tendon stretched, the bone
will not move
164
Check your progress
7.1
(a) contract, glucose, respiration
(b) Protein is needed for making new cells. So, it
will help with the growing and building of
muscles.
(c) Carbohydrates is the main source of energy.
it is needed for the contraction and relaxation of
the muscles.
(d) Minerals - Calcium, Iron,
Vitamins - Vitamin A, C and D, Fats
165
Check your progress
7.2
(a)12 kg
(b)33 kg - 12 kg = 21 kg
(c)9 - 13 years old
(d)No. This is because the line is sloping
upwards at this age.
166
Check your progress
7.3
(a)Hinge joint - B and C
Ball and socket joint - A and D
(b)R and S
(c)P and Q
(d)Antagonistics muscle
(e)This is because muscle can only contract and
pull. it cannot push. So, one muscle is needed
to pull the bone in one direction and another
muscle is needed to pull it back again
167
Check your progress
7.3
(f) Calcium
(g) Bones from other animals they eat
168
WB page 153
7.4 A
1.Sofia, 28 N
2.Thumb - 27
First finger (Index finger) - 28
Second finger - 22
Third finger - 21
Little finger - 19
169
WB page 155
7.4 B
2. Hinge joint
6. A and B, C and D
170
WB page 156
7.4 C
1.Thick bones are stronger than thin bones; long
bones break more easily than short bones
2.Thick bones are stronger than thin bones
(a)Thickness of straw
(b)The force needed for the paper straw to bend
(c)The length of the straw; the thickness of the
string use to hold the straw; the material from
which the straw is made
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WB page 156
7.4 C
(d) Firstly, prepare two straws that have different
thickness. Then, one end of the straw onto the
wall and hold the other end with finger. Use
another hand to hold the forcemeter and slowly
increase the force until the straw bend. Then,
repeat the experiment with other thickness of
straw.
172
WB Page 158
(e) This is a low risk experiment. Care should be taken not to
pull the force meter suddenly which could detach from the
straw easily.
(g) Thick bones are stronger than thin bones because larger
force is needed to break the bones
173