100% found this document useful (2 votes)
2K views173 pages

Unit 7 Diet and Growth

1. Nutrients provide materials for growth, energy, and vital compounds to maintain cell reactions. The main nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. 2. Different vitamins and minerals have important functions like vision, growth, immune function, and bone health. Lack of certain nutrients can cause deficiencies. 3. A balanced diet contains examples of nutrients like proteins from lentils and cheese, vitamins A and D from lentils, calcium from dairy, and iron from lentils to support overall health.

Uploaded by

Blop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (2 votes)
2K views173 pages

Unit 7 Diet and Growth

1. Nutrients provide materials for growth, energy, and vital compounds to maintain cell reactions. The main nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. 2. Different vitamins and minerals have important functions like vision, growth, immune function, and bone health. Lack of certain nutrients can cause deficiencies. 3. A balanced diet contains examples of nutrients like proteins from lentils and cheese, vitamins A and D from lentils, calcium from dairy, and iron from lentils to support overall health.

Uploaded by

Blop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 173

CHAPTER 7 Diet and Growth

7.1 Nutrients

Biology 1
Balanced diet

Biology 2
Delicious
?

Biology 3
Malnutrition

Biology 4
Over-eating

ANYONE?
Biology 5
Over-eating

Biology 6
Biology 7
Diets
Food is important for
• Three roles:
1. Provide materials for growth and repair
2. Provide energy to keep your cells alive
3. Provide vital elements and compounds to
maintain chemical reactions in your cells
(Maintain your health)

Biology 8
Function of each types of nutrients

Biology 9
IMPORTANT –
WATER IS NOT A NUTRIENT
• Water helps to dissolve and carry substances
around your body
• You need water to sweat and to keep you cool.

Biology 10
IMPORTANT –
FIBRE IS NOT A NUTRIENT
• Example of fibre: Vegetables.
• Fibre is needed to keep you intestines (gut)
healthy.
• Fibre forms most of your solid waste or faeces
• Lack of fibre – CONSTIPATION

Biology 11
Is this a balanced diet?

Biology 12
13
14
15
Carbohydrates
• Energy (Released through – RESPIRATION)
• Carbs – STARCH
• Glucose – simple sugar
• Starch – lots of glucose joined together

Biology 16
Biology 17
Why are chocolate and cakes not suitable
source of carb?
Diabetes
Type 1 - Born with –
genetics (Don’t produce
insulin)

Type 2 – don’t respond to


insulin (we don’t produce
enough insulin) – organ
damage

Biology 18
Testing foods for starch - Iodine test
To test for starch, we use iodine solution
- Add a few drops of iodine solution to the food
solution
- If the solution turns a dark blue-black colour,
the food contains starch.

19
20
Lab work - 13/7 @ 9.20 - 10.00

21
Lab work - Iodine Test - 13/7 @ 8 - 8.40 am

22
Proteins
• Made of amino acids (there are 20 of them)
• To build structures, growth and repair
• To organise chemical reactions in cells

Biology 23
Biology 24
Biology 25
BIURET TEST

• Original colour - Blue


• If protein is present – purple
• Light purple – amount of protein is not high
• Dark purple – amount of protein is high

The more the protein , the stronger the purple


colour
Biology 26
27
Protein deficiency - weak and fatigue

Signs and symptoms of protein deficiency


Skin, hair and nail problems.
Loss of muscle mass.
Increased risk of bone fractures.
Bigger appetite and increased calorie intake.
Risk of infections.
Fatty liver.
May inhibit proper body growth in children.
28
29
Severe protein deficiency - Kwashiorkor

The symptoms of kwashiorkor include:


• edema, or puffy or swollen appearance due to
fluid retention
• bulging of the abdomen
• an inability to grow or gain weight

30
31
Fats
• Important source of energy
(more than carb & prot)
• Building cells
• Insulation (Nerves)
• Protect vital organs
• Reduce heat loss
• Help with vitamin absorption (ADEK)

Biology 32
Biology 33
Biology 34
35
Textbook page 237
1. Protein
- Example - fish, meat, egg, dairy products
- Why - To make new cells; for growth and repair

Carbohydrate
- Example - pasta, corn, potatoes, noodles, rice

- Why - The main source of energy

Fat
- Example - cheese, butter, whipped cream, avocado,

fatty meat
- Why - For energy , for insulation
36
2. Food refers to anything we eat such as
chicken and rice whereas nutrients refer to
substance contained in the food such as protein,
vitamins and minerals.

37
Vitamins & minerals
• Needed in much smaller amounts than other
nutrients
• Vitamins – Help chemical reactions
• Minerals – provide strength & help cells to
function properly

Biology 38
Different types of vitamins
Vitamin A
- Important to
- vision - maintaining a clear cornea
- growth - grow and maintain epithelial tissues.
- cell division - male and female reproduction as well
as to support many developmental processes.
- reproduction - signaling mechanism to initiate cell
division in the gonad
- immunity - help white blood cells to fight pathogens

39
Vitamin A
- Lack of Vitamin A
- Night blindness / Dry eyes
- maternal mortality and other poor outcomes of pregnancy
and lactation.
- Dry skin - eczema

Food rich in Vit A


Leafy green vegetables (kale, spinach, broccoli), orange
and yellow vegetables (carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin
and other winter squash, summer squash), Tomatoes,
Red bell pepper, mango, Beef liver, Fish oils, Milk, Eggs.

40
41
Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is
necessary for
- the growth,
- development and repair of all body tissues. -
formation of collagen,
- absorption of iron,
- the proper functioning of the immune system,
- wound healing
- the maintenance of cartilage, bones, and teeth.

42
Food rich in Vitamin C

43
Lack of Vitamin C - Scurvy

44
45
46
Vitamin D
Vitamin D - fat soluble vitamin
Function
- Help the body absorb and retain calcium and
phosphorus (building bone)
- Strengthen the immune system
- Prevent certain types of cancer - repair and
regeneration of cells
- Improve brain function

47
48
49
Minerals - Calcium
99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bones,
1% is found in blood, muscle, and other tissues

Functions:
- associated with healthy bones and teeth
- Blood clotting - Activation of several coagulation
factors

50
51
Hypercalcemia -
Excess Calcium and Vitamin D
- digestive distress, such as vomiting, nausea,
constipation, and stomach pain
- fatigue, dizziness, hallucinations, and confusion
- loss of appetite
- excessive urination
- kidney stones, kidney injury, and even kidney
failure
- high blood pressure and heart abnormalities
- dehydration
52
Minerals - Iron
70 %of your body's iron is found
1.Haemoglobin - transferring oxygen in your blood
from the lungs to the tissues
2.Myoglobin - in muscle cells, accepts, stores,
transports and releases oxygen.

Functions:
- Formation of haemoglobin
- Formation of hormones
53
54
Iron Deficiency - Iron Depletion
• tiredness and lack of energy
• shortness of breath
• noticeable heartbeats (heart palpitations)
• pale skin
• Cold hands and feet
• Brittle nails
• Unusual craving for non-nutritive substances

55
Anaemia

Anaemia is a decrease in
the number of red blood
cells in the blood, meaning
that less oxygen can be
carried by the blood to
various organs and
tissues,. The main
symptoms are tiredness
and lethargy.
IMPORTANT –
WATER IS NOT A NUTRIENT
• Our body cannot store water - need fresh
supplies to make up the lost.
• 60% of the body is made up of water
• Water helps to dissolve and carry substances
around your body
• You need water to regulate your temperature.

Biology 57
58
Side Effects of Not Drinking Enough Water

1.Persistent headaches
2.sluggish bowel function - hard stools,
constipation, abdominal pain, cramps
3.Dull skin
4.Fatigue
5.Weight gain
6.Dry mouth

59
60
61
TB page 240
3.
Vitamin A
examples of food - carrot, spinach, dairy products, squash,
green leafy vegetables, pumpkin, fish, sweet potatoes
Why - to improve vision especially at low light
- to help to fight pathogens

Vitamin C
Example - citrus fruits, berries, potatoes, fresh vegetables,
tomatoes
Why - to keep skin strong, to increase wound healing, to
keep blood vessel healthy
62
TB page 240
3.
Vitamin D
Example - Oily fish, milk, cheese, egg
Why - to increase absorption of calcium, for strong
bones and teeth

Calcium
Example - dairy products, nuts, seeds
Why - for strong bones and teeth

63
TB page 240
3.
iron
Example - red meats, dark vegetables, fish, shellfish
Why - to make haemoglobin

4. Anaemia patients have low amount of


haemoglobin. Hence, not enough oxygen is
transported to the cells. So less energy is obtained
from glucose via aerobic respiration

64
TB page 240
5. The main nutrients are proteins in lentils and
cheese, fat in the cheese, Vitamin A, D, iron and
calcium in the lentils.

65
WB page 134
7.1A
Proteins - for growth (making new cells)
Vitamin A - To help with night vision
Calcium - strong bones and teeth
Carbs - Respiration to release energy
Iron - to make haemoglobin
Vitamin D - absorb calcium, strong bones and teeth
Fat and oil - use in respiration to release energy; to
make an energy store under the skin
Vitamin C - To keep skin strong and able to heal
quickly
66
WB page 135
7.1B
1.Chicken
2.Orange
3.100 g -> 4 g of fat and oil
200 g -> 8 g of fat and oil
4.Sofia is right because Brazil nuts contain 60 g of
fat but only 16.18g of other nutrients.
5.Milk because it has the second highest quantity
(120 mg) of calcium
Brazil nuts because it has the highest amount
(180 mg) of calcium
67
WB page 137
7.1C
Protein
Function - growth and repair of body cells; making
haemoglobin and antibodies

Fat and oil


Good sources - butter, margarine, fried food, meat

Carbohydrates
Function - main source of energy, which is released by
respiration.
Food - Grains, potatoes, pasta, bread
68
WB page 137
7.1C
Vitamin A
Functions - Helps in night vision, fight pathogens

Vitamin C
Food - Beef liver, citrus fruits, squash

Vitamin D

69
WB page 137
7.1C
Calcium
Function - strong bones and teeth

Iron
Function - formation of haemoglobin
Food - meat, fish, shellfish, nuts and seeds, dark
leafy vegetables

Water
70
Summary
Nutrients For
Carbohydrate Energy
s
Proteins Growth and repair
Fat Store energy
Vitamins Aid chemical reactions in cell

Minerals Growth and aid the activity of cells

Fibre Prevent constipation

Water Prevent dehydration and for all


chemical Biology
reactions in cell 71
Carbohydrate
• main source of energy (60%)

Malnutrition
• not having balanced diet (not enough nutrients)

Over-eating
• extra energy is stored as fat
• higher risk of heart disease or diabetes
• too much sugar can cause tooth decay (acid from
microbes)
Biology 72
Fats
• make up to 20-30% of the food you eat
• supply more than twice as much energy per
gram as carbohydrate
• Two main types of fats:
saturated and unsaturated
• saturated fat can increase the risk of heart
disease
• unsaturated fat is better for health

Biology 73
What is balanced diet?
A balanced diet is one that fulfills all of a
person’s nutritional needs.

A balanced diet provides all the nutrients a


person requires, without going over the
recommended daily calorie intake.

74
How much energy do you need?
Generally, the recommended daily calorie intake is 2,000
calories a day for women and 2,500 for men.

your age – for example, growing children and teenagers


may need more energy

your lifestyle – for example, how active you are

your size – your height and weight can affect how


quickly you use energy
75
Different diets
People's dietary choices - affected by a variety of factors.

Young people - Protein, Carbs, fat

Sedentary lifestyle - Fruits and vegetables, lean protein,


low carbs

Pregnant women - Fruits and vegetables, calcium, iron,


protein
76
Fibre
- Fibre is a type of carbohydrate that the body
can’t digest.
- Fibre cannot be broken down into sugar
molecules, and instead it passes through the
body undigested.
- Fibre helps regulate the body’s use of sugars,
helping to keep hunger and blood sugar in
check.

77
Importance of fibre
Dietary fibre is important for
- our digestive health
- regular bowel movements
- helps you feel fuller for longer
- can improve cholesterol and blood sugar
levels
- can assist in preventing some diseases such
as diabetes, heart disease and bowel cancer.

78
Tips to increase fibre intake:
- Eat whole fruits instead of drinking fruit juices.
- Replace white rice, bread, and pasta with processed
brown rice and other whole grains
- Add high-fiber foods to current meals
- For breakfast, choose cereals that have a whole grain
- Snack on crunchy raw vegetables or a handful of almonds
- Substitute beans for meat two to three times a week
- Fibre supplement. However, fiber supplements are not
intended to completely replace high-fiber foods.

79
80
Not too much
Short-term effects of eating too much
• Acid reflux or heartburn
• Feeling sluggish
• Stomach discomfort
• Elevated blood sugar

81
Not too much
Long-term effects of eating too much
• Weight gain
• Increased risk of type 2 diabetes
• Insulin resistance
• Leptin resistance
• Elevated triglycerides

82
Homework
TB pg 244 Qs 1 - 6
pg 247 Qs 7 - 8
WB Pg 138 - 144

83
TB page 244
1.8 MJ per day
2.Some 8 year old children may have higher
metabolism and are very energetic. Hence,
more food is needed.
3.Some may have low metabolism rate and they
could be not doing much exercise or sports.
4.When a person is at 15, they do more exercise
and is still growing. Hence, more energy is
needed to make new cells.
84
TB page 244
5. This is because girls are smaller in size and
they are not as active as boy on average.
6. (a) growth
(b) fish
(c) sugar
(d) fat

85
TB page 244
7. (a) We should reduce the amount of sugar
and fat because too much of these foods can
cause weight gain, tooth decay and diabetes.

(b) They contain more fibre which helps the


digestive system to work better and prevent
constipation. They also contain more vitamin
and minerals needed by the body.

86
TB page 244
(c) You can eat tofu, beans, eggs, and dairy products

8. (a) protein, carbohydrates, iron, fibre, fat and oil,


and calcium.

(b) fresh vegetables and fruits - to increase vitamins


and minerals intake

(c) This is because his meal contain too much fat and
oils. This will cause weight gain
87
WB page 138
Exercise 7.2 A
1.it helps to move food down easily through
our alimentary canal. (Bowel movement)
2.Eggs, mutton - Foods from animal source
contains no fibre
3.Chicken - 0 g
Rice -6g
Spinach - 6 g
Total - 12 g
88
WB page 141
Exercise 7.2 B
1.Carbohydrate and fat
2.He will gain weight as the excess nutrients will become
fat and store in his body.
3.(a) 2.8 MJ
(b) 2.8 MJ
(c) An eight-year-old boy has smaller body mass and is
less active. Hence, lesser energy will be needed
compare to a teenage boy.
(d) Women has smaller body mass compared to men
and they are also less active compared to men.
89
WB page 143
Exercise 7.2 C
Breakfast
- Oatmeal parfait - carbohydrates
- Fruits - Vitamins , fibres
- Nuts - iron, fibre
- Yoghurt - calcium

Lunch
- Gnocchi, potatoes, flour - carbohydrates, fibre
- Cheese - fat and oil, calcium, vitamins
- Eggs - Protein
- basil garnish - fibre 90
WB page 143
Exercise 7.2 C
Dinner
- Rice / noodles - carbohydrate
- Seafood - fish/prawn etc - Protein
- Lemon chicken - vitamin / protein / fat and oil
- Sea cucumber soup - protein / minerals/ fat and
oils
- Vegetable - manicai / midin - fibre
- Rojak - fibre
- tofu - protein / fibre

91
Growth, development and health
Growth
- A process of physical maturation resulting an
increase in size of the body and various
organs.
- It occurs by multiplication of cells and it is
quantitative changes of the body
- Energy is needed to make cells divide

92
Growth, development and health
Growth
- To the increase in cell size (mass accumulation)

93
94
Cell division a process by
which a parent cell divides,
when a mother cell divides
into two or more daughter
cells.

Embryo, a ball of cell, the


early developmental stage
of an animal while it is in
the egg or within the
uterus of the mother.

95
Growth, development and health
Development
- It is the process of functional and
physiological maturation of the individual. It
is progressive increase in skill and capacity to
function.
- It is qualitative aspects

96
Growth, development and health

97
98
What Factors Determine My Newborn’s
Physical Growth?
Size of parents - Big and tall parents may have
larger-than-average newborns; short and petite
parents may have smaller-than-average newborns.

Multiple births - With twins, triplets or other


multiples, parents can assume their babies may be a
bit small.

Birth order - First babies are sometimes smaller


than brothers or sisters born later. 99
What Factors Determine My Newborn’s
Physical Growth?

Gender - Girls tend to be smaller, and boys larger, but the


differences are slight at birth.

Mom’s health during pregnancy - Babies may have a lower birth


weight if the mother has high blood pressure or heart problems; or
has used cigarettes, alcohol or illegal drugs during the pregnancy.

Nutrition during pregnancy - Good nutrition is vital for a baby’s


growth — before and after birth.

Baby’s health - Medical problems, including some birth defects and


some infections during the pregnancy.
100
Exercise and Health

101
Smoking
Nose hair
Nose hair
• Nose hair is a natural part of the
human body - defense system.
• Nasal hair keeps harmful debris (larger
particles) out of the body system and
maintains moisture in the air we breathe.
• Smaller particles such as
microorganisms / bacteria are stick to
mucus
Cilia
• Cilia are tiny hair like structures on the
surface of the cell.
• The hairs sweep hair, mucus, trapped dust
and bacteria up to the back of the throat
where it can be swallowed.
Cilia in the trachea
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHAznLTc
B14

• Smoking and COPD | Nucleus Health


https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=B1G6JB8A6sc
Healthy Vs Unhealthy lungs

Marijuana smoker: smoked or consumed cannabis as a psychoactive (mind-altering) drug.


( 大麻 )
Healthy vs unhealthy lungs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzdwkQc_5dY
Smoking
• Smoking produces heat that temporarily
paralyzes (slow down) and even kills cilia.
• They no longer wave and so cannot
sweep up mucus.
• This makes you more at risk for infection.
• Long-term smokers – cough up the mucus
Smoking and lung damage
Harmful chemicals from cigarette smoke:
• Tar – The black and sticky mixture
- carcinogenic
- paralyses cilia
- reduce efficiency of oxygen uptake
- increase chance of lungs infections, may cause
cancer / growth of tumour – uncontrolled cell
division
• Carbon monoxide
- toxic gas
- binds tightly to red blood cells-
carboxyhemoglobin
- red blood cells carry less oxygen
- affects baby (during pregnancy)

• Nicotine
- addictive
- affects brain cells
- narrow blood vessels and increase blood pressure
- Smokers are more likely to develop heart disease
• Particulates - Tobacco
- Tiny particles of carbon and other materials
- Get trapped inside the smoker’s lung
- Wall of alveoli break down - difficult to get enough
oxygen
Smoking and lung damage
Deaths caused by smoking:
• lung cancer
• heart disease
• lung disease
• other disease
• other cancer
• stroke
Coughing and the substances in smoke
destroy alveoli

• When you smoke, you are damaging some


of those air sacs. Alveoli don't grow back,
so when you destroy them, you have
permanently destroyed part of your lungs.
What if you stop smoking?
• When you stop smoking, the cilia become
active again.

• As the cilia recover and the mucus is


cleared from your lungs, you might cough
more than usual. This might last for several
weeks.
Do lungs heal after smoking?
• Fortunately, your lungs are self-cleaning. They
begin that process after you smoke your last
cigarette.
• Your lungs have the ability to repair
themselves over time. After quitting smoking,
your lungs begin to slowly heal and
regenerate.
How to clean lungs?
• Steam therapy. Steam therapy, or steam inhalation,
involves inhaling water vapor to open the airways
and help the lungs drain mucus. ...
• Controlled coughing. ...
• Drain mucus from the lungs. ...
• Exercise. ...
• Green tea. ...
• Anti-inflammatory foods. ...
• Chest percussion.
How smoking affects your lungs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS02MCx
9f2c
How smoking affects your health?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y18Vz51
Nkos
What if I smoke tobacco instead of
cigarettes?

• People can smoke, chew, or sniff tobacco.


Smoked tobacco products include cigarettes,
cigars, bidis, and kreteks.

• Some people also smoke loose tobacco in a


pipe or hookah (water pipe). Chewed tobacco
products include chewing tobacco, snuff, dip,
and snus; snuff can also be sniffed.
Investigating smoking
Observations
• Thermometer - The temperature increases
• White cotton wool - Changes to yellow black
• Universal solution - Changes to orange (acidic)
How about vaping?
Smoking vs Vaping
• Smoking delivers nicotine by burning tobacco,
which can cause smoking-related illnesses,
• Vaping can deliver nicotine by heating a liquid
in a much less harmful way.
Homework
TB page 249 Qs 1-2
Page 251 Qs 3-5

WB Page 144 - 152

130
TB pg 249
1.The cells in the body divides to produce more
cells. The cell division continue to occur
which make the body bigger.
2.Protein helps in the growth and repair of
cells. Without sufficient protein, the growth
of cells will be slowed down as cell division
occur more slowly.
3.About 3.6%
4.100 - 3.6 = 96.4%

131
TB pg 249
5. The more a mother smokes, the more likely it
is her baby will have a low birth weight. smoking
more than 15 cigarettes increases the chance
from 3.6% to 9%, making it 2.5 times more likely.

132
WB pg 145
Exercise 7.3A
1.(a) respiratory
(b) digestive disease
2.39%
3.2 x 39 = 78
4.21%
5.5 x 21 = 105
6.greater; men; women
7.more men than women are smokers; men are
more susceptible to those disease
133
WB pg 145
Exercise 7.3B
1.Malaysia
% of women = 1.4%
% of men = 43.0%

WB pg 152
4. E-cigarettes supply users with nicotine, so they will
still get the drugs to which they are addicted but can
gradually reduce the amount of nicotine in the e-
cigarettes until they are smoking nicotine free e-
cigarettes 134
7.4 Moving the body

135
The Human Skeleton

136
137
138
139
140
Joints
Hinge joints
a type of joint that functions much like the hinge
on a door, allowing bones to move in one
direction back and forth with limited motion
along other planes.

The fingers, toes, elbows, knees, and ankles


contain hinge joints.

141
142
Joints
Ball-and-socket joints
a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped
surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-
like depression of another bone

It allows for a wider range of motion and also


permits movements in all planes and rotational
movement around the central axis.

143
144
Joints in the arm

145
TB page 254
1.A joint is a place where two bones meet.
2.(a) Hinge joints at the elbow joint and knee
joint
(b) shoulder joint and hip joint

146
Muscles
- Muscles are soft tissues.
- Many stretchy fibers make up your muscles.
- You have more than 600 muscles in your
body.
- Different types of muscles have different jobs.

147
Skeletal muscle:
Is in our biceps, triceps, postural muscles, etc

Smooth muscle:
Is found along our digestive tract: used to move
food along

Cardiac muscle:
Is found in the heart

148
For your knowledge. You don’t have to
remember this one

149
Contraction and relaxation of muscles

Muscle contraction
The tightening, shortening, or lengthening of
muscles when you do some activity.

Muscle relaxation
The contracted muscle returned to their
original/ normal state

150
151
Energy demand and supply in muscles

- Muscle use energy to contract


- They obtain the energy from glucose

The higher the contraction, the more energy is


needed and the more glucose is needed

152
The tendons
A tendon is a cord of strong, flexible tissue, similar
to a rope.

Tendons connect your muscles to your bones.


Tendons let us move our limbs

They also help prevent muscle injury by absorbing


some of the impact your muscles take when you
run, jump or do other movements
153
154
155
Biceps and triceps
The biceps and triceps make up a large majority
of your arm musculature.

The biceps are


- located on the front of the upper arm and
provide arm flexion
- Fixed to the scapula at one end and the
radius at the other hand

156
Biceps and triceps
The triceps are
- found on the back of the upper arm and are
responsible for arm extension.
- It originates just below the socket of scapula,
and at two distinct areas of the humerus. It
extends downwards and attaches on the
upper part of the ulna

157
158
159
The antagonistic muscles
Muscle pair as one muscle contracts the other
muscle relaxes or lengthens

To bend the arm: the biceps contracts and the


triceps relaxes

To straighten the arm : the triceps contract and


the biceps relaxes

160
What happen when you are bending the
elbow joint
When you want to bend your arm:
1.Your brain will sends an electrical impulses
along a neurone to the biceps muscle
2.The cells in the biceps will respond to the
impulses by contracting. (The muscle will
become shorter)
3.The bones are pulled closer together and the
elbow bends

161
What happen when you are straightening the
elbow joint
*** Muscles can generate force by becoming shorter
but cannot generate a force by getting longer***

1.To straighten your arm, triceps will have to pull


(contracts) the arm straight.
2.The contracting triceps pulls on the tendon, so
the ulna moves downwards

162
Homework
TB Page 255 qs 3-6
Page 260 - 262 - all questions
WB page 153 -158

Quiz - Year 8A - 8/8/2022 (Monday)


Year 8K - 11/8/2022 (Thursday)

163
TB Page 255
3. The radius
4. scapula, humerus and ulna
5. It has three attachments - one at the scapula,
and two at the humerus
6. as the muscle contracts, it exerts a pulling
force on the tendon, which transmits the force
to the bone. If the tendon stretched, the bone
will not move

164
Check your progress
7.1
(a) contract, glucose, respiration
(b) Protein is needed for making new cells. So, it
will help with the growing and building of
muscles.
(c) Carbohydrates is the main source of energy.
it is needed for the contraction and relaxation of
the muscles.
(d) Minerals - Calcium, Iron,
Vitamins - Vitamin A, C and D, Fats
165
Check your progress
7.2
(a)12 kg
(b)33 kg - 12 kg = 21 kg
(c)9 - 13 years old
(d)No. This is because the line is sloping
upwards at this age.

166
Check your progress
7.3
(a)Hinge joint - B and C
Ball and socket joint - A and D
(b)R and S
(c)P and Q
(d)Antagonistics muscle
(e)This is because muscle can only contract and
pull. it cannot push. So, one muscle is needed
to pull the bone in one direction and another
muscle is needed to pull it back again
167
Check your progress
7.3
(f) Calcium
(g) Bones from other animals they eat

168
WB page 153
7.4 A
1.Sofia, 28 N
2.Thumb - 27
First finger (Index finger) - 28
Second finger - 22
Third finger - 21
Little finger - 19

169
WB page 155
7.4 B
2. Hinge joint

4. The leg will bend backwards

5. The leg will be straighten, and the lower part


of the leg will move forward.

6. A and B, C and D

170
WB page 156
7.4 C
1.Thick bones are stronger than thin bones; long
bones break more easily than short bones
2.Thick bones are stronger than thin bones
(a)Thickness of straw
(b)The force needed for the paper straw to bend
(c)The length of the straw; the thickness of the
string use to hold the straw; the material from
which the straw is made

171
WB page 156
7.4 C
(d) Firstly, prepare two straws that have different
thickness. Then, one end of the straw onto the
wall and hold the other end with finger. Use
another hand to hold the forcemeter and slowly
increase the force until the straw bend. Then,
repeat the experiment with other thickness of
straw.

172
WB Page 158
(e) This is a low risk experiment. Care should be taken not to
pull the force meter suddenly which could detach from the
straw easily.

Thickness of Force needed to bend


(f) straws / mm or cm the straw / Newtons

(g) Thick bones are stronger than thin bones because larger
force is needed to break the bones
173

You might also like