‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

UNIVERSITY OF HAIL
APPLIED COLLEGE
Agricultural Machinery
By:
Lecture 2

TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE ENGINES, WORKING PRINCIPLES,

Ust.- TYPES,
APPLICATIONS KhalidPOWER
Mubasher
AND EFFICIENCY

2022-2023 1
• Heat engine is a machine for converting heat, developed by
burning fuel into useful work. It can be said that heat engine
is equipment which generates thermal energy and
transforms it into mechanical energy
 CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINES
1. Based on combustion of fuel:
(i) External combustion engine
(ii) Internal combustion engine.
External combustion engine
• Here, the working medium, the steam, is generated in a boiler, located outside
the engine and allowed in to the cylinder to operate the piston to do
mechanical work.
1. Internal combustion engine
• In internal combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes place inside the
engine cylinder and heat is generated within the cylinder. This heat is added to
the air inside the cylinder and thus the pressure of the air is increased
tremendously. This high pressure air moves the piston which rotates the crank
shaft and thus mechanical work is done
2. Based on fuel used
1. Diesel engine
2. Petrol engine
3. Gas engine
Diesel engine – Diesel is used as fuel
Petrol engine – Petrol is used as fuel
Gas engines – propane, butane or methane gases are used
3. Based ignition of fuel
1. Spark ignition engine (Carburetor type engines)
2. Compression ignition engine ( injector type engines)
Spark ignition engine – a mixture of air and fuel is drawn in to the engine
cylinder. Ignition of fuel is done by using a spark plug. The spark plug produces a
spark and ignites the air- fuel mixture. Such combustion is called constant
volume combustion (C.V.C.).
Compression ignition engine – In compression ignition engines air is
compressed in to the engine cylinder,. Due to this the temperature of the
compressed air rises to 700-900 C. At this stage diesel is sprayed in to the
cylinder in fine particles. Due to a very high temperature, the
fuel gets ignited. This type of combustion is called constant pressure
combustion (CP.C.) because the pressure inside the cylinder is almost
constant when combustion is taking place.
4. Based on working cycle
1. Four stroke cycle engine - When the cycle is completed in two
revolutions of the crankshaft, it is called four stroke cycle engine.
2. Two stroke cycle engine. - When the cycle is completed in one
revolution of the crankshaft, it is called two stroke cycle engine
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF I.C. ENGINE/ FOUR STROKE CYCLE
ENGINE / TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
• A mixture of fuel with correct amount of air is exploded in an engine
cylinder which is closed at one end. As a result of this explosion, heat is
released and this heat causes the pressure of the burning gases to increase.
This pressure forces a close fitting piston to move down the cylinder. The
movement of piston is transmitted to a crankshaft by a connecting rod so
that the crankshaft rotates and turns a flywheel connected to it. Power is
taken from the rotating crank shaft to do mechanical work. To obtain
continuous rotation of the crankshaft the explosion has to be repeated
continuously. Before the explosion to take place, the used gases are
expelled from the cylinder, fresh charge of fuel and air are admitted in to
the cylinder and the piston moved back to its starting position. The
sequences of events taking place in an engine is called the working cycle of
the engine. The sequence of events taking place inside the engine are as
follows
1. Admission of air or air-fuel mixture inside the engine cylinder
( suction )
2. Compression of the air or air fuel mixture inside the engine
(compression)
3. Injection of fuel in compressed air for ignition of the fuel or ignition
of air-fuel mixture by an electric spark using a spark plug to produce
thermal power inside the cylinder (power )
4. Removal of all the burnt gases from the cylinder to receive fresh
charge ( exhaust)

Note: Charge means admitting fresh air in to the cylinder in the case of
compression ignition engines ( diesel engines ) or admitting a mixture
of air and fuel in to the cylinder in the case of spark ignition engines.
 FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE ( DIESEL/ PETROL ENGINE)
• In four stroke cycle engines the four events namely suction, compression, power
and exhaust take place inside the engine cylinder. The four events are completed
in four strokes of the piston (two revolutions of the crank shaft).
• This engine has got valves for controlling the inlet of charge and outlet of exhaust
gases. The opening and closing of the valve is controlled by cams, fitted on
camshaft. The camshaft is driven by crankshaft with the help of suitable gears or
chains. The camshaft runs at half the speed of the crankshaft. The events taking
place in I.C.
• engine are as follows:
1. Suction stroke
2. Compression stroke
3. Power stroke
4. Exhaust stroke
(Fig. 1a)
(Fig.1b)

Four stroke cycle engine

(Fig.1c) (Fig.1d)
Suction stroke
During suction stroke inlet valve opens and the piston moves downward. Only air or a mixture of air
and fuel are drawn inside the cylinder. The exhaust valve remains in closed position during this stroke.
The pressure in the engine cylinder is less than atmospheric pressure during this stroke (Fig. 1a)
Compression stroke
During this stroke the piston moves upward. Both valves are in closed position. The charge taken in
the cylinder is compressed by the upward movement of piston. If only air is compressed, as in case of
diesel engine, diesel is injected at the end of the compression stroke and ignition of fuel takes place
due to high pressure and temperature of the compressed air. If a mixture of air and fuel is compressed
in the cylinder, as in case of petrol engine, the mixture is ignited by a spark plug. (Fig.1b).
• Power stroke
After ignition of fuel, tremendous amount of heat is generated, causing very
high pressure in the cylinder which pushes the piston downward (Fig.1c). The
downward movement of the piston at this instant is called power stroke. The
connecting rod transmits the power from piston to the crank shaft and crank
shaft rotates. Mechanical work can be taped at the rotating crank shaft. Both
valves remain closed during power stroke.
Exhaust stroke
During this stroke piston moves upward. Exhaust valve opens and exhaust gases
go out through exhaust valves opening. All the burnt gases go out of the engine
and the cylinder becomes ready to receive the fresh charge. During this stroke
inlet valve remains closed(Fig.1d).
Thus it is found that out of four strokes, there is only one power stroke and
three idle strokes in four stroke cycle engine. The power stroke supplies
necessary momentum for useful work.
TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE (PETROL ENGINE)

• In two stroke cycle engines, the whole sequence of events i.e.,

suction, compression, power and exhaust are completed in two
strokes of the piston i.e. one revolution of the crankshaft.
• There is no valve in this type of engine. Gas movement takes place
through holes called ports in the cylinder. The crankcase of the engine
is air tight in which the crankshaft rotates.
 Two stroke cycle
Upward stroke of the piston (Suction + Compression)
When the piston moves upward it covers two of the ports, the
exhaust port and transfer port, which are normally almost
opposite to each other. This traps the charge of air- fuel mixture
drawn already in to the cylinder. Further upward movement of
the piston compresses the charge and also uncovers the suction
port. Now fresh mixture is drawn through this port into the
crankcase. Just before the end of this stroke, the mixture in the
cylinder is ignited by a spark plug (Fig 2 c &d). Thus, during this
stroke both suction and compression events are completed
Downward stroke (Power + Exhaust)
• Burning of the fuel rises the temperature and pressure of the
gases which forces the piston to move down the cylinder.
When the piston moves down, it closes the suction port,
trapping the fresh charge drawn into the crankcase during
the previous upward stroke. Further downward movement
of the piston uncovers first the exhaust port and then the
transfer port. Now fresh charge in the crankcase moves in to
the cylinder through the transfer port driving out theburnt
gases through the exhaust port. Special shaped piston crown
deflect the incoming mixture up around the cylinder so that
it can help in driving out the exhaust gases . During the
downward stroke of the piston power and exhaust events are
completed.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DIESEL
ENGINE
• The basic components of diesel engine are cylinder, piston, injector, valves,
connecting rod and crankshaft. In diesel engines only air is drawn into the
cylinder. The engine has high compression ratio hence the air in the cylinder
attains very high temperature and pressure at the end of the compression
stroke. At the end of the compression stroke, the fuel is sprayed into the
cylinder in atomized form using injectors. Due to high temperature, the fuel
gets ignited, begins to burn and produce lot of heat. Due to the heat the
gases expand, move the piston downward and rotate the crank shaft. The
torque available at the rotating crank shaft is used to do any mechanical
work Special features of diesel engine
• 1. Engine has high compression ratio ranging from 14:1 to 22:1.
• 2. During compression stroke, the engine attains high pressure
ranging from 30 to 45
• kg/cm2 and high temperature of about 500°C.
• 3. At the end of the compression stroke, fuel is injected into the
cylinder through injectors
• (atomizers) at a very high pressure ranging from 120 to 200 kg/cm2.
• 4. Ignition takes place due to heat of compression only.
• 5. There is no external spark in diesel engine.
• 6. Diesel engine has better slogging or lugging ability i.e. it maintains
higher torque for a
• longer duration of time at a lower speed.
 • COMPARISON OF DIESEL ENGINE WITH PETROL ENGINE
Diesel engine petrol engine
It has got no carburetor, ignition coil and spark plug. It has got carburetor, ignition coil & spark plug.
Its compression ratio varies from 5:1 to 8:1.
Its compression ratio varies from 14:1 to 22:1

It uses diesel oil as fuel. It uses petrol (gasoline) or power kerosine as fuel.
Mixture of fuel and air is sucked in the cylinder in suction stroke.
Only air is sucked in cylinder in suction stroke.

It has got no fuel injection pump and injector, instead it has got carburetor and
It has got „fuel injection pump‟ and injector ignition coil.

Fuel is injected in combustion chamber where burning of fuel takes Air fuel mixture is compressed in the combustion chamber when it is ignited by
places due to heat of compression. an electric spark.

Thermal efficiency varies from 25 to 32%

Thermal efficiency varies from 32 to 38%

Engine weight per horsepower is comparatively low.

Engine weight per horse-power is high.

Operating cost is low. Operating cost is high.

Compression pressure varies from 6 to 10
Compression pressure inside the cylinder varies

from 35 to 45 kg/cm2 and temperature is about 500°C. kg/cm2 and temperature is above 260°C
 ENGINE COMPONENTS
• Internal combustion engine consists of a number of parts which are given below :
1. Cylinder: It is a part of the engine which confines the expanding gases and forms
the combustion space. It is the basic part of the engine. It provides space in which
piston operates to suck the air or air-fuel mixture. The piston compresses the charge
and the gas is allowed to expand in the cylinder, transmitting power for useful work.
Cylinders are usually made of high grade cast iron.
2. Cylinder block: It is the solid casting body which includes the cylinder and water
jackets (cooling fins in the air cooled engines).
3. Cylinder head: It is a detachable portion of an engine which covers the cylinder and
includes the combustion chamber, spark plugs or injector and valves.
4. Cylinder liner or sleeve: It is a cylindrical lining either wet or dry type which is
inserted in the cylinder block in which the piston slides. Liners are classified as :
(1) Dry liner and (2) Wet liner.
• Dry liner makes metal to metal contact with the cylinder block casing. wet liners
come in contact with the cooling water, whereas dry liners do not come in contact
with the cooling water.
5. Piston: It is a cylindrical part closed at one end which maintains a
close sliding fit in the engine cylinder. It is connected to the connecting
rod by a piston pin. The force of the expanding gases against the closed
end of the piston, forces the piston down in the cylinder. This causes
the connecting rod to rotate the crankshaft (Fig). Cast iron is chosen
due to its high compressive strength. Aluminum and its alloys preferred
mainly due to it lightness.
Head (Crown) of piston: It is the top of the piston.
• Skirt: It is that portion of the piston below the piston pin
which is designed to adsorb the side movements of the piston.
Engine components
1. Piston ring: It is a split expansion ring, placed in the groove of the
piston. They are usually made of cast iron or pressed steel alloy (Fig).
The function of the ring are as follows :
2. It forms a gas tight combustion chamber for all positions of piston.
3. It reduces contact area between cylinder wall and piston wall
preventing friction losses and excessive wear.
4. It controls the cylinder lubrication.
5. It transmits the heat away from the piston to the cylinder walls.
• Piston rings are of two types:
(1) Compression ring
(2) Oil ring
vii) Compression ring
• Compression rings are usually plain, single piece and are always placed
in the grooves of the piston nearest to the piston head. They prevent
leakage of gases from the cylinder and helps increasing compression
pressure inside the cylinder.
• Oil ring: Oil rings are grooved or slotted and are located either in lowest
groove above the piston pin or in a groove above the piston skirt. They
control the distribution of lubrication oil in the cylinder and the piston.
• Piston Pin: It is also called wrist pin or gudgeon pin. Piston pin is used
to join the connecting rod to the piston.
• viii) Connecting rod: It is special type of rod, one end of which is
attached to the piston and the other end to the crankshaft (Fig.3). It
transmits the power of combustion to the crankshaft and makes it
rotate continuously. It is usually made of drop forged steel.
ix) Crankshaft: It is the main shaft of an engine which converts the
reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the flywheel
(Fig). Usually the crankshaft is made of drop forged steel or cast steel.
The space that supports the crankshaft in the cylinder block is called
main journal, whereas the part to which connecting rod is attached is
known as crank journal. Crankshaft is provided with counter weights
throughout its length to have counter balance of the unit.
• x) Flywheel: Flywheel is made of cast iron. Its main functions are as
follows :
1. It stores energy during power stroke and returns back the
energy during the idle strokes, providing a uniform rotary
motion of flywheel.
• 2. The rear surface of the flywheel serves as one of the pressure
surfaces for the clutch plate.
• 3. Engine timing marks are usually stamped on the flywheel, which
helps in adjusting the timing of the engine.
• 4. Sometime the flywheel serves the purpose of a pulley for
transmitting power.
Crankcase:
The crankcase is that part of the engine which supports and encloses the
crankshaft and camshaft. It provides a reservoir for the lubricating oil. It also serves as a
mounting unit for such accessories as the oil pump, oil filter,, starting motor and ignition
components. The upper portion of the crankcase is usually integral with cylinder block. The
lower part of the crankcase is commonly called oil pan and is usually made of cast iron or
cast aluminum.

Camshaft: It is a shaft which raises and lowers the inlet and exhaust valves at proper times.
Camshaft is driven by crankshaft by means of gears, chains or sprockets (Fig). The speed of
the camshaft is exactly half the speed of the crankshaft in four stroke engine. Camshaft
operates the ignition timing mechanism, lubricating oil pump and fuel pump. It is mounted
in the crankcase, parallel to the crankshaft.
Timing gear: Timing gear is a combination of gears, one gear of which is mounted at one
end of the camshaft and the other gear at the crankshaft. Camshaft gear (fig. ) is bigger in
size than that of the crankshaft gear and it has twice as many teeth as that of the crankshaft
gear. For this reason, this gear is commonly called half time gear. Timing gear controls the
timing of ignition, timing of opening and closing of valve as well as fuel injection timing
• Inlet manifold: It is that part of the engine through which air or air-fuel
mixture enters into the engine cylinder. It is fitted by the side of the
cylinder head.
Exhaust manifold: It is that part of the engine through which exhaust
gases go out of the engine cylinder. It is capable of withstanding high
temperature of burnt gases. It is fitted by the side of the cylinder head.
xiv) Top dead centre - When the piston is at the top of its stroke, it is
said to be at the top dead centre (TDC),
xv) Bottom dead centre - when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke,
it is said to be at its bottom dead centre (BDC). In two stroke cycle
engine both the sides of the piston are effective which is not the case in
four stroke cycle engine.
xvi) Scavenging
The process of removal of burnt or exhaust gases from the engine
cylinder is known as scavenging. Entire burnt gases do not go out in
normal stroke, hence some type of blower or compressor is used to
remove the exhaust gases in two stroke cycle engine.
• (25) Structure and function of a crankcase (3D animation) -
Motorservice Group - - YouTube

• How piston work

• (25) How pistons work (3D animation) - Motorservice
Group - - YouTube
• How Car Engine Works 
• (25) How Car Engine Works | Autotechlabs - YouTube