Power Electronics

Dr. Md. Aynal Haque

Professor
Department of EEE, BUET

Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Cell: 018 1763 8600
 Topic 4

Choppers
(DC-DC Converters)
 Introduction
 Chopper or DC-DC converter, simply known as dc converter,
converts fixed dc to variable dc
 Step-down or step-up dc converter
 BJT, MOSFET, IGBT or GTO can be used in dc converters

 DC converters provide
 Smooth acceleration control
 High efficiency
 Fast dynamic response

 DC converters are widely used for

 Motor control
 Regenerative braking
 DC voltage regulators
 DC current source

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 Types of Choppers

 Step-down choppers
 In step down chopper output voltage is less than input
voltage.

 Step-up choppers
 In step up chopper output voltage is more than input
voltage.

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 Step-Down Operation

 A step-down chopper with resistive load.

 When the switch is ON, supply voltage appears across the load
 When the switch is OFF, the voltage across the load will be zero.

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 t1
k  ft1 
T
k = duty cycle of the chopper
f = chopping frequency
T = chopping period

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7
Variable
resistance!

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Chopper Operation

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Dr. Sharnali Islam, Assistant Professor,
10
ECE-NSU
Duty Cycle Control

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Step-down Converter with RL Load

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Step-up Operation

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 Switching-mode Regulators
 DC-DC converters can be used as switching-mode regulators to convert a dc voltage,
normally unregulated, to a regulated dc output voltage.

 The regulation is normally achieved by PWM at a fixed frequency and the switching
device is normally BJT, MOSFET, or IGBT.

 Output of dc converters with resistive load is discontinuous and contains harmonics.

The ripple content is reduced by an LC filter.

 There are four basic topologies of switching regulators:

1. Buck regulators
2. Boost regulators
3. Buck-boost regulators
4. Cük regulator

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Elements

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 Buck Regulators

 In a buck regulator, the average output voltage Va is less than the

input voltage, Vs and hence the name “buck”.

 This is like a step down converter.

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Advantages:
 It can step down the voltage without a transformer
 It requires only one transistor
 So it has high efficiency of greater than 90%
 di/dt of the load current is limited by inductor, L

Disadvantages:
 Input current is discontinuous
 A smoothing input filter is normally required
 It provides one polarity of output voltage and unidirectional output current
 It requires a protection circuit in case of possible short circuit across the
diode path

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 Boost Regulators
 In a boost regulator, the average output voltage Va is greater than the
input voltage, Vs and hence the name “boost”.
 This is like a step up converter. A boost regulator using a power
MOSFET is shown in Fig. below:

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vD

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Advantages:
 It can step up the voltage without a transformer
 It requires only one transistor
 So it has high efficiency

Disadvantages:
 Input current is discontinuous
 A high peak current has to flow through the power transistor
 The output is very sensitive to changes in duty cycle k
 It might be difficult to stabilize the regulator
 The average output current is less than the average inductor current
by a factor of (1-k)
 Large capacitor and inductor are needed
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 Buck-Boost Regulators

 A buck-boost regulator provides an output voltage that may be less than

or greater than the input voltage, and hence the name “buck-boost”.
 This regulator is known as inverting regulator, since the polarity of the
output voltage is opposite to that of the input voltage.

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• Example 5.1 (a-d), 5.2 (a-d), 5.3, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7
• (3rd Edition):
7.1 (a-d), 7.2 (a-d), 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7

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Converter Classification

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First-Quadrant Converter: Class A

• Load Current iL flows

into the load (+)
• Load Voltage is +
• Rectifier

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 Second-Quadrant Converter: Class B

• Load Voltage is +
• Load Current iL flows out
of the load (-)
• Inverter
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 First and Second Quadrant Converter: Class C

D2

S1 and D2 operate as a first-quadrant converter.

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 S2 D2

S2 and D1 operate as a second-quadrant converter

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 Third and Fourth Quadrant Converter: Class D

The load voltage is always negative, but the load

current is either positive or negative

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 Four-Quadrant Converter: Class E

Load Current can be positive or negative

Load Voltage can be positive or negative

For fourth quadrant operation, reverse E.

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Summary of a four-quadrant converters

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 Cuk Converter

• The output voltage can be higher or lower than the input voltage
• The output voltage is negative
• Capacitor C1 stores and transfers energy
• In steady state, average inductor voltages VL1, VL2 are zero
• VC1 is larger than Vd and Vo:
VC1  Vd  Vo
• when switch T is off

• VL1=Vd - VC1
• VL2= - Vo
• when switch T is on

•V =Vd
L1

• VL2=VC1-Vo
• Equating the integral voltages of L1, L2 over
one period:
L1 : (Vd  VC1 )(1  D)Ts  Vd DTs  0
1
VC1  Vd
(1  D )
L 2 : (Vo )(1  D )Ts  (VC1  Vo ) DTs  0
1
VC1  Vo
D
• thus Vo D

Vd 1  D

• and since Po=Pd

Io 1 D

Id D
Advantages
• input current and output current have small ripple
Disadvantages
• requirement of capacitor C1 with large ripple current
capability
 Converter Comparison

• Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost, Cuk transfer energy in only one direction

• full-bridge is capable of bi-directional power flow
• in Buck, Boost, switch utilization is good
• in Buck-Boost, Cuk, full-bridge switch utilization is poor

CONCLUSION
• Prefer Buck, Boost converters
• If higher and lower voltages needed, use Buck-Boost, Cuk
• If four-quadrant operation needed, use full-bridge
 Questions???

Thank You!!!

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