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Geometry of Shapes

The document discusses properties of parallelograms, rectangles, rhombi, squares, and trapezoids. It defines these shapes and outlines key theorems about them. Parallelograms are quadrilaterals with both pairs of opposite sides parallel. Theorems state that opposite sides and angles of parallelograms are congruent, and diagonals bisect each other. Rectangles are parallelograms with right angles, and squares are rectangles with four congruent sides. Rhombi are parallelograms with four congruent sides. Trapezoids have one pair of parallel sides. Formulas are given for calculating the areas of these shapes.

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István Molnár
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38 views

Geometry of Shapes

The document discusses properties of parallelograms, rectangles, rhombi, squares, and trapezoids. It defines these shapes and outlines key theorems about them. Parallelograms are quadrilaterals with both pairs of opposite sides parallel. Theorems state that opposite sides and angles of parallelograms are congruent, and diagonals bisect each other. Rectangles are parallelograms with right angles, and squares are rectangles with four congruent sides. Rhombi are parallelograms with four congruent sides. Trapezoids have one pair of parallel sides. Formulas are given for calculating the areas of these shapes.

Uploaded by

István Molnár
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Parallelograms

Quadrilaterals
are four-sided
polygons

Parallelogram: is a
quadrilateral with both
pairs of opposite sides
parallel.
Parallelograms (2) A B

Theorem 6.1 : Opposite D C


sides of a parallelograms
are congruent AD  BC and AB  DC

Theorem 6.2: Opposite


angles of a parallelogram <A  <C and <B  <D
are congruent

Theorem 6.3: m<A+m<B = 180°


Consecutive angles m <B+m<C = 180°
in a parallelogram m<C+m<D = 180°
are supplementary. m<D+m<A = 180°
Parallelograms (3)
Diagonals of a figure:
Segments that connect
any to vertices of a
polygon

A B
Theorem 6.4: The diagonals
of a parallelogram bisect
D each other.
C
Parallelograms (4)
• Draw a parallelogram : ABCD on a piece of
construction paper.

• Cut the parallelogram.

• Fold the paper and make a crease from A to C and


from B to D.

• Fold the paper so A lies on C. What do you observe?

• Fold the paper so B lies on D. What do you observe?

• What theorem is confirmed by these Observations?


Tests for Parallelograms
Theorem 6.5 :If both pairs of opposite sides of a
quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral
is a parallelogram.

If AD  BC and AB  DC, A B
then ABCD is a parallelogram
D C
Theorem 6.6: If both pairs of opposite
angles of a quadrilateral are congruent,
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

If <A  <C and <B  <D, then


ABCD is a parallelogram
Tests for Parallelograms 2

Theorem 6.7: If the diagonals of a quadrilateral


bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram

A B

D C

Theorem 6.8: If one pair of opposite sides of a


quadrilateral is both parallel and congruent, then
the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if...

Both pairs of opposite sides


are parallel. (Definition)

Both pairs of opposite sides


are congruent. (Theorem 6.5)

Both pairs of opposite angles are


congruent. (Theorem 6.6)

Diagonals bisect each other. (Theorem 6.7)

A pair of opposite sides is both parallel and


congruent. (Theorem 6.8)
Area of a parallelogram

If a parallelogram has an area of A square


units, a base of b units and a height of h
units, then A = bh. (Do example 1 p. 530)

The area of a region is the sum of the areas of


all its non-overlapping parts. (Do example 3 p. 531)
Rectangles
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four
right angles.

Opp. angles in rectangles are congruent


(they are right angles) therefore rectangles
are parallelograms with all their properties.

Theorem 6-9 : If a parallelogram is a rectangle,


then its diagonals are congruent.

Theorem 6-10 : If the diagonals of a parallelogrma


are congruent then the parallelogram is a rectangle.
Rectangles (2)
If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then the following
properties hold true:

• Opp. Sides are congruent and parallel

• Opp. Angles are congruent

• Consecutive angles are supplementary

• Diagonals are congruent and bisect each other

• All four angles are right angles


Squares and Rhombi
A rhombus is a quadrilateral with four congruent
sides. Since opp. sides are  , a rhombus is a
parallelogram with all its properties.

Special facts about rhombi

Theorem 6.11: The diagonals of a rhombus


are perpendicular.
Theorem 6.12: If the diagonals of a parallelogram
are perpendicular, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus.
Theorem 6.13: Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects
a pair of opp. angles
Squares and
Rhombi(2)

If a rhombus has an area of A square


units and diagonals of d1 and d2
units, then A = ½ d1d2.

If a quadrilateral is both, a rhombus


and a rectangle, is a square
Area of a
h
triangle:

If a triangle has an area of A square units


a base of b units and corresponding
height of h units, then A = ½bh.

Congruent figures have equal areas.


Trapezoids

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with


exactly one pair of parallel sides.
The parallel sides are called bases.
The nonparallel sides are called legs.
At each side of a base there is a pair of
base angles.
Trapezoids (2)

A B AB = base
CD = base
AB  CD AC = leg
C D BD = leg
AC & BD
are non <A & <B = pair of base angles
parallel <C & <D = pair of base angles
Trapezoids (3)

Isosceles trapezoid: A trapezoid with


congruent legs.
Theorem 6-14: Both pairs of base
angles of an isosceles trapezoid are
congruent.
Theorem 6-15: The diagonals of an
isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
Trapezoids (4)

The median of a trapezoid is the segment


that joints the midpoints of the legs (PQ).

A B
P Q
C D
Theorem 6-16: The median of a trapezoid is
parallel to the bases, and its measure is one-
half the sum of the measures of its bases.
Area of Trapezoids
A B
h
C D

Area of a trapezoid: If a trapezoid has


an area of A square units, bases of b1
and b2 units and height of h units, then
A = ½(b1 + b2 )h.
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