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Lecture 4: Bash Scripts

CSE 374: Intermediate
Programming Concepts and
Tools

1
Administrivia
▪Course webpage live!
▪HW1 actually posted
- after this lecture you now have everything you need
- klaatu accounts created
- set up SSH
- ssh [email protected]
- password: tempPassword
- passwd #will let you change your password
- issues fill out this form: https://forms.gle/sFojyRU4eC8kJT4T9
- Grading scripts are still being adjusted

CSE 374 AU 20 - KASEY CHAMPION 2

Terminal Text Editing
▪While working with the text interface for the OS often it is helpful to use the text interface editors
- You do not have to use any of these in this course
- Editors are a matter of preference

PICO EMACS VIM

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Working in VS Code
1. Install VS Code
a. it’s free!
2. ctrl + shift + P or F1 to
open SSH dialog
a. enter in klaatu account info
3. open folder to see your
files
4. use terminal on bottom

4
Transferring files between local and remote
▪tar – tape archive – compresses directory of files for easy transfer (like zip or archive)
- tar -c <directory to compress>
- tar –c –v –f myTarFile.tar /home/champk/
- -c – creates new .tar archive file
- -v - Verbosely show the tar process
- -f - to decide name of tar file
- tar –x <file to extract>
- tar –x –v myTarFile.tar

▪wget – non-interactive download of files from the web supporting http, https and FTP
- Non interactive means it can work in the background (helpful if the files take a while)
- wget http://website.come/files/file.zip

▪scp – secure copy – uses ssh protocol to transfer files between different hosts
- scp [email protected]:file.txt /local/directory copies file.txt from remote host to local directory
- scp file.txt [email protected]:/remote/directory/ copies file.txt from local host to remote directory

▪You can always use a file transfer GUI like FileZilla uses FTP or SFTP, available for all platforms

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Writing Scripts
▪Instead of writing commands directly into terminal save them in a file
- Use file extension “.sh”

▪Bash can run these files as executables

- Add line at top of file to tell computer this should be run using bash
#! /bin/sh
▪# by itself makes a comment
- Always include header comment with usage instructions

▪Give the file execution permissions

chmod u+x myscript.sh
▪Stop bash script on first failure by adding set –e at top of script

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Bash Script Variables
▪When writing scripts you can use the following default variables
$# - stores number of parameters entered
Ex: if [$# -lt 1] tests if script was passed less than 1 argument
$N - returns Nth argument passed to script
Ex: sort $1 passes first string passed into script into sort command
$0 – command name
Ex: echo “$0 needs 1 argument” prints “<name of script> needs 1 argument”
$* returns all arguments
$@ returns a space separated string containing all arguments
”$@” prevents args originally quoted from being read as multiple args

CSE 374 AU 20 - KASEY CHAMPION 7

Script Error Checking
▪If incorrect number of arguments passed
if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then
echo “$0 requires 2 arguments” >&2
exit 1
fi
- Check if file exists
if [ ! -f $1 ]; then
echo "File does not exist" <& 1
exit 1
fi

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Exit Codes
The command “exit” exits a shell and ends a shell-script program
ctrl+c aborts a process

When a process exits you can use a number to indicate either a success or failure
0 = success
1 or any non-zero positive number = error

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 grep
▪Search for a given string within a given file
- grep [options] pattern [files]
- EX: grep “computer” /usr/share/dict/words

▪Helpful Options
- -c : prints count of lines with given pattern
- -h : display matched lines (without filenames)
- -i : ignore case when matching
- -l : display list of filenames with matches

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/grep-command-in-unixlinux/ CSE 374 AU 20 - KASEY CHAMPION 10

Demo: Grep
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12
Input / Output Streams
▪stdin – Standard in (File Descriptor = 0)
- Keyboard input typed into the terminal

▪stdout – Standard out (File Descriptor = 1)

- Results of a process after it has completed printed to the
screen of the terminal

▪stderr – Standard error (File Descriptor = 2)

- Results of a process if it exits in error printed to the screen of
the terminal

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 Redirecting Streams
Redirection Syntax:
- < yourInput
- > yourOutput
- >> appendYourOutput
- 2> yourError
- &> yourOutputAndError
- Stdout & stderr default to terminal

Examples
- cmd > file sends stdout to file
- cmd 2> file sends stderr to file
- cmd 1> output.txt 2> error.txt redirects both stdout and stderr to files
- cmd < file accepts input from file
- Instead of directly putting arg in command, pass args in from given file
- cat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt or cat < fileList.txt

https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Redirections.html CSE 374 AU 20 - KASEY CHAMPION 14

Redirection Syntax

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 I/O Piping
We can feed the stdout of one process to the stdin of
another using a pipe (“|”)
- Data flows from process to the other through multiple
transformations seamlessly
- Similar to redirection, but specifically passes streams into other
programs instead of their defaults

Example:
- Instead of:
- du –h –d 1 . > sizes.txt
- grep ‘M’ sizes.txt
- We can use piping
- du – h –d 1 . | grep ‘M’

▪Piping is effective when you have one set of data that

needs to be transformed multiple times
- Cmd1 | cmd2 – pipe output of cmd1 into input of cmd2

Video: The Magic of Piping CSE 374 AU 20 - KASEY CHAMPION 16

 What is the difference between | and >?
▪What is the difference between | and >?
- Pipe is used to pass output to another program or utility
- Redirect is used to pass output to either a file or stream
- thing1 > thing2 runs thing1 and then sends the stdout stream to thing2, if these are files thing2 will be overwritten
- thing1 > tempFile && thing2 <tempFile sends stdout of thing1 to stdin of thing2 without overwriting files
- Equivalent to thing1 | thing2 much more elegant!

https://askubuntu.com/questions/172982/what-is-the-difference-between-redirection-and-pipe CSE 374 AU 20 - KASEY CHAMPION 17

Demo: Stream Redirection
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