TEEE 3106 :8051

Architecture

Agatha Amara Turyagyenda

Lecture Five
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
DATA COMMUNICATION
The 8051 microcontroller is parallel device that transfers eight bits of data simultaneously over eight data lines to
parallel I/O devices. Parallel data transfer over a long distance is very expensive. Hence, a serial communication is
widely used in long distance communication. In serial data communication, 8-bit data is converted to serial bits using a
parallel in serial out shift register and then it is transmitted over a single data line. The data byte is always transmitted
with least significant bit first.
BASICS OF SERIAL DATA COMMUNICATION,
Communication Links
1. Simplex communication link: In simplex transmission, the line is dedicated for transmission. The transmitter
sends and the receiver receives the data.

2. Half duplex communication link: In half duplex, the communication link can be used for either transmission or
reception. Data is transmitted in only one direction at a time.
 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
3. Full duplex communication link: If the data is transmitted in both ways at the same time, it is a full duplex i.e. transmission and
reception can proceed simultaneously. This communication link requires two wires for data, one for transmission and one for
reception.

Types of Serial communication:

Serial data communication uses two types of communication.
1. Synchronous serial data communication: In this transmitter and receiver are synchronized. It uses a common
clock to synchronize the receiver and the transmitter. First the synch character is sent and then the data is
transmitted. This format is generally used for high speed transmission. In Synchronous serial data communication a
block of data is transmitted at a time.
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
2. Asynchronous Serial data transmission: In this, different clock sources are used for transmitter and receiver. In
this mode, data is transmitted with start and stop bits. A transmission begins with start bit, followed by data and
then stop bit. For error checking purpose parity bit is included just prior to stop bit. In Asynchronous serial data
communication a single byte is transmitted at a time.

Baud rate:

The rate at which the data is transmitted is called baud or transfer rate. The baud rate is the reciprocal of the time
to send one bit. In asynchronous transmission, baud rate is not equal to number of bits per second. This is
because; each byte is preceded by a start bit and followed by parity and stop bit. For example, in synchronous
transmission, if data is transmitted with 9600 baud, it means that 9600 bits are transmitted in one second. For bit
transmission time = 1 second/ 9600 = 0.104 ms.
 SERIAL COMMUNICATION

8051 SERIAL COMMUNICATION

The 8051 supports a full duplex serial port.

Three special function registers support serial communication.

1. SBUF Register: Serial Buffer (SBUF) register is an 8-bit register. It has separate SBUF registers for data

transmission and for data reception. For a byte of data to be transferred via the TXD line, it must be placed in

SBUF register(Write only). Similarly, SBUF holds the 8-bit data received by the RXD pin and read to accept the

received data(Read Only).

2. SCON register: The contents of the Serial Control (SCON) register are shown below. This register contains

mode selection bits, serial port interrupt bit (TI and RI) and also the ninth data bit for transmission and

reception (TB8 and RB8).

SERIAL COMMUNICATION
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
PCON register: The SMOD bit (bit 7) of PCON register controls the baud rate in asynchronous mode transmission.
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
• Data Transmission
Transmission of serial data begins at any time when data is written to
SBUF. Pin P3.1 (Alternate function bit TXD) is used to transmit data to
the serial data network. TI is set to 1 when data has been transmitted.
This signifies that SBUF is empty so that another byte can be sent.
• Data Reception
Reception of serial data begins if the receive enable bit is set to 1 for all
modes. Pin P3.0 (Alternate function bit RXD) is used to receive data
from the serial data network. Receive interrupt flag, RI, is set after the
data has been received in all modes. The data gets stored in SBUF
register from where it can be read.
SERIAL COMMUNICATION MODES
• Mode-0: In this mode, the serial port works like a shift register and
the data transmission works synchronously with a clock frequency of
fosc /12. Serial data is received and transmitted through RXD. 8 bits are
transmitted/ received at a time. Pin TXD outputs the shift clock pulses
of frequency fosc /12, which is connected to the external circuitry for
synchronization. The shift frequency or baud rate is always 1/12 of
the oscillator frequency.
SERIAL COMMUNICATION MODES
• Mode-1 (standard UART mode) :
In mode-1, the serial port functions as a standard Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter (UART) mode. 10 bits are transmitted through TXD or received through
RXD. The 10 bits consist of one start bit (which is usually '0'), 8 data bits (LSB is sent
first/received first), and a stop bit (which is usually '1'). Once received, the stop bit
goes into RB8 in the special function register SCON. The baud rate is variable.
• The following figure shows the way the bits are transmitted/ received.
SERIAL COMMUNICATION MODES
Bit time= 1/baudrate
In receiving mode, data bits are shifted into the receiver at the
programmed baud rate.
• The data word (8-bits) will be loaded to SBUF if the following
conditions are true.
• RI must be zero. (i.e., the previously received byte has been cleared
from SBUF)
• Mode bit SM2 = 0 or stop bit = 1.
After the data is received and the data byte has been loaded into SBUF,
RI becomes one.
SERIAL COMMUNICATION MODES
Timer-1 is used to generate baud rate for mode-1 serial communication
by using overflow flag of the timer to determine the baud frequency.
Timer-1 is used in timer mode-2 as an auto-reload 8-bit timer. The data
rate is generated by timer-1 using the following formula.

Where,
• SMOD is the 7th bit of PCON register
• fosc is the crystal oscillator frequency of the microcontroller
• It can be noted that fosc/ (12 X [256- (TH1)]) is the timer overflow
frequency in timer mode-2, which is the auto-reload mode.
SERIAL COMMUNICATION MODES
If timer-1 is not run in mode-2, then the baud rate is,

Timer-1 can be run using the internal clock, fosc/12 (timer mode) or
from any external source via pin T1 (P3.5) (Counter mode).
SERIAL COMMUNICATION MODES
Example: If standard baud rate is desired, then 11.0592 MHz crystal could be selected.
• To get a standard 9600 baud rate, the setting of TH1 is calculated as follows.
• Assuming SMOD to be '0'

Or

Or

In mode-1, if SM2 is set to 1, no receive interrupt (RI) is generated unless a valid stop
bit is received.
Serial Data Mode-2 - Multiprocessor Mode :

• In this mode 11 bits are transmitted through TXD or received through

RXD. The various bits are as follows: a start bit (usually '0'), 8 data bits
(LSB first), a programmable 9 th (TB8 or RB8)bit and a stop bit (usually
'1').
• While transmitting, the 9 th data bit (TB8 in SCON) can be assigned the
value '0' or '1'. For example, if the information of parity is to be
transmitted, the parity bit (P) in PSW could be moved into TB8. On
reception of the data, the 9 th bit goes into RB8 in 'SCON', while the
stop bit is ignored. The baud rate is programmable to either 1/32 or
1/64 of the oscillator frequency.

f baud = (2 SMOD /64) fosc.

Mode-3 - Multi processor mode with variable baud rate

• In this mode 11 bits are transmitted through TXD or received through

RXD. The various bits are: a start bit (usually '0'), 8 data bits (LSB
first), a programmable 9 th bit and a stop bit (usually '1').
• Mode-3 is same as mode-2, except the fact that the baud rate in
mode-3 is variable (i.e., just as in mode-1).
• f baud = (2 SMOD /32) * ( fosc / 12 (256-TH1)) .
• This baudrate holds when Timer-1 is programmed in Mode-2.
Operation in Multiprocessor mode

• 8051 operates in multiprocessor mode for serial communication Mode-2 and Mode-3. In
multiprocessor mode, a Master processor can communicate with more than one slave
processors. The connection diagram of processors communicating in Multiprocessor is below
• The Master communicates with one slave at a time. 11 bits are transmitted by the Master,
viz, One start bit (usually '0'), 8 data bits (LSB first), TB8 and a stop bit (usually '1'). TB8 is '1'
for an address byte and '0' for a data byte.
• If the Master wants to communicate with certain slave, it first sends the address of the slave
with TB8=1. This address is received by all the slaves. Slaves initially have their SM2 bit set
to '1'. All slaves check this address and the slave who is being addressed, responds by
clearing its SM2 bit to '0' so that the data bytes can be received.
• It should be noted that in Mode 2&3, receive interrupt flag RI is set if REN=1, RI=0 and the
following condition is true.
• SM2=1 and RB8=1 and a valid stop bit is received. Or
• SM2=0 and a valid stop bit is received.
• After the communication between the Master and a slave has been established, the data
bytes are sent by the Master with TB8=0. Hence other slaves do not respond /get
interrupted by this data as their SM2 is pulled high (1).
Operation in Multiprocessor mode
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
CONNECTIONS TO RS-232
RS-232 standards:
To allow compatibility among data communication equipment made by various manufactures, an interfacing
standard called RS232 was set by the Electronics Industries Association (EIA) in 1960. Since the standard was set
long before the advent of logic family, its input and output voltage levels are not TTL compatible.
In RS232, a logic one (1) is represented by -3 to -25V and referred as MARK while logic zero (0) is represented by
+3 to +25V and referred as SPACE. For this reason to connect any RS232 to a microcontroller system we must use
voltage converters such as MAX232 to convert the TTL logic level to RS232 voltage levels and vice-versa. MAX232
IC chips are commonly referred as line drivers.
In RS232 standard we use two types of connectors. DB9 connector or DB25 connector.
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
The 8051 connection to MAX232 is as follows.
The 8051 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and receiving data serially. These two pins are
called TXD, RXD. Pin 11 of the 8051 (P3.1) assigned to TXD and pin 10 (P3.0) is designated as RXD. These pins TTL
compatible; therefore they require line driver (MAX 232) to make them RS232 compatible. MAX 232 converts
RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels and vice versa. One advantage of the MAX232 is that it uses a +5V power
source which is the same as the source voltage for the 8051. The typical connection diagram between MAX 232 and
8051 is shown below.
Power saving modes of operation

8051 has two power saving modes. They are -

• Idle Mode
• Power Down mode.
The two power saving modes are entered by setting two bits IDL and
PD in the special function register (PCON) respectively.
The structure of PCON register is as follows.
PCON: Address 87H
Power saving modes of operation

The schematic diagram for 'Power down' mode and 'Idle' mode is given
as follows:
Power saving modes of operation

• Idle Mode
Idle mode is entered by setting IDL bit to 1 (i.e.,IDL =0). The clock signal is
gated off to CPU, but not to the interrupt, timer and serial port functions. The
CPU status is preserved entirely. SP, PC, PSW, Accumulator and other registers
maintain their data during IDLE mode. The port pins hold their logical states they
had at the time Idle was initiated. ALE and PSEN are held at logic high levels.
Ways to exit Idle Mode:
• Activation of any enabled interrupt will clear PCON.0 bit and hence the Idle
Mode is exited. The program goes to the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). After
RETI is executed at the end of the ISR, the next instruction will start from the
one following the instruction that enabled Idle Mode.
• A hardware reset exits the idle mode. The CPU starts from the instruction
following the instruction that invoked the 'Idle' mode.
Power saving modes of operation

• Power Down Mode:

• The Power down Mode is entered by setting the PD bit to 1. The
internal clock to the entire microcontroller is stopped (frozen).
However, the program is not dead. The Power down Mode is exited
(PCON.1 is cleared to 0) by Hardware Reset only. The CPU starts from
the next instruction where the Power down Mode was invoked. Port
values are not changed/ overwritten in power down mode. Vcc can be
reduced to as low as 2V in PowerDown mode. However, Vcc has to be
restored to normal value before PowerDown mode is exited.