Enthalpy Change

ENERGY CHANGES

Energy changes take place during chemical

reactions.

During chemical reactions, energy is released or

absorbed.
 EXOTHERMIC

An exothermic reaction is a chemical or physical

reaction that releases heat.

It gives out energy to its surroundings.

The changes in energy is denoted with negative sign.

C + O2 CO2 ∆H= -394 kJ mol-1

 ENDOTHERMIC
An endothermic reaction is a chemical or physical
reaction that absorbed heat.

It takes in energy from its surroundings.

The changes in energy is denoted with positive sign.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2 ∆H = +178 kJ mol-1

 CALCULATING HEAT EVOLVED
Heat evolved or absorbed

q = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature

change

q = m x c x △T

Mass in gram unit

Specific heat capacity is 4.18 J g-1  K -1
Temperature in K unit
 ENTHALPY DETERMINATION
Heat evolved or absorbed must be divided by the
number of moles of the reactant in order to
determine the enthalpy change.

△H =q/n
 CALCULATING HEAT EVOLVED - EXAMPLE
Exercise : Determination of enthalpy
change of ethanol combustion.
Given ;

Mass of water placed in beaker (150g) 

Initial temperature (23 oC) 
Final temperature (43 oC) 
Mass of ethanol needed to obtain heat
increase (0.9g)
 CALCULATING HEAT EVOLVED - EXAMPLE

Therefore ;

Heat gained by water in calorimeter, q = m x c x △T

 
q = 150 g x 4.18 J g-1 K-1 x 20 K  = 12,540 J

△HC = 12.54 kJ / (0.9 g/ 46 g mol-1 ) = - 641 kJ mol-1

 EXAMPLE OF ENERGY CHANGES
Exothermic processes Endothermic processes
Making ice cubes Melting ice cubes
Formation of snow in clouds Conversion of frost to water vapor
Condensation of rain from water vapor Evaporation of water
Mixing sodium sulfite and bleach Baking bread
Rusting iron Cooking an egg
Burning sugar Producing sugar by
photosynthesis
Forming ion pairs Separating ion pairs
Mixing water and strong acids Mixing water and ammonium
nitrate
 ENTHALPY CHANGE
The heat content in a chemical system at constant
pressure is called the enthalpy (symbol: ΔH)

The enthalpy change (ΔH) is the amount of heat

released or absorbed when a chemical reaction
occurs.

ΔH is specified per mole of substance as in the

balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
 STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE

Standard enthalpy changes refer to reactions done

under standard conditions, and with everything
present in their standard states.

Standard conditions are:

1) A temperature at 298 K (25°C)

2) A pressure of 1 atm (100 kPa).
3) A concentration of 1 mol dm-3
 HESS’ LAW
The enthalpy change for
converting reactants into
products is the same
regardless of the route
taken
Standard enthalpy change of of formation,
ΔH°f
The standard enthalpy change of formation of a
compound is the enthalpy change which occurs
when one mole of the compound is formed from
its elements under standard conditions at 298 K 1
atm and with everything in its standard state.

C (s) + 2S (s) CS2(l) ΔHf = +89.7kJ mol-1

 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 1 - ΔH°f

Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction between

C2H4 and HCl gases to make chloroethane gas from the
standard enthalpy of formation values in the table.

C2H4(g)+ HCl (g)  C2H5Cl(g)

  ΔH°f (kJ mol-1)
C2H4 (g) 52.2
HCl (g) -92.3
C2H5Cl (g) -109
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 1 - ΔH°f
  ΔH°f (kJ mol-1)
C2H4 (g) 52.2
HCl (g) -92.3
C2H5Cl (g) -109

Write the equation for the given ΔH°f

?  C2H4 (g)

?  HCl (g)
................................................................................
?  C2H5Cl (g)
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 1 - ΔH°f
  ΔH°f (kJ mol-1)
C2H4 (g) 52.2
HCl (g) -92.3
C2H5Cl (g) -109

Write the equation for the given ΔH°f

(1) 2C + 2H2  C2H4 (g)

(2) ½ H2 + ½ Cl2  HCl (g)

................................................................................
(1) + (2) = (2C + 2H2 ) + (½ H2 + ½ Cl2 )  C2H5Cl (g)

So, 2C + 2½H2 + ½ Cl2  C2H5Cl (g)

EXAMPLE CALCULATION 1- ΔH°f
Write down all
the enthalpy
changes which
make up the two
routes, and
calculate them.

+52.2 - 92.3 + ΔH
= -109
Rearranging and
solving:
ΔH= -52.2 + 92.3

- 109
ΔH= -68.9 kJmol-1
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 2- ΔH°f

Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHf CH4(g)

C (s) + 2H2(g)  CH4(g)

  ΔH°c (kJ mol-1)

Carbon -394
Hydrogen -286
Methane -891
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 2- ΔH°f
  ΔH°c (kJ mol-1)
Carbon -394
Hydrogen -286
Methane -891

Write the equation for the given ΔH°fc

?  CO2 (g)

?  H2O (g)
................................................................................

?  CO2 + 2H2O
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 2- ΔH°f
  ΔH°c (kJ mol-1)
Carbon -394
Hydrogen -286
Methane -891

Write the equation for the given ΔH°c

(1) C (s) + O2 (g)  ?

(2) H2 + O2  ?
................................................................................
CH4 + O2  ?
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 2- ΔH°f
  ΔH°c (kJ mol-1)
Carbon -394
Hydrogen -286
Methane -891

Write the equation for the given ΔH°c

(1) C (s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g)

(2) H2 + ½ O2  H2O (l)

................................................................................
CH4 + 2O2  (1) + {(2) x 2}

So, CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 2- ΔH°f
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHf CH4(g)

ΔHf
C (s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)   ΔH°c (kJ mol-1)
Carbon -394
CO2 + 2H2O
Hydrogen -286
Methane -891
ΔHf + ΔHcCH4 = [ (ΔHcC) + 2(ΔHc H2) ]

ΔHf = [(-394 kJ mol-1)+ 2(-286kJ mol-1 )] – (- 891 kJ mol-1 )

ΔHf = - 75 kJmol-1
 Standard enthalpy change of combustion,
ΔH°c

The standard enthalpy change of combustion of a

compound is the enthalpy change which occurs when
one mole of the compound is burned completely in
oxygen under standard conditions, and with
everything in its standard state.

CH3OH (l) + 3/2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔHc = -762 kJ mol-1
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 1 - ΔH°c

Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion from

the following standard enthalpy of formation.

N2H4 (l) + O2 (g) N2 (g) + 2H2O(g)

  ΔH°f (kJ mol-1)

N2H4 (l) 50.6
H2O (g) -241.8
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 1 - ΔH°f
  ΔH°f (kJ mol-1)
N2H4 (l) 50.6
H2O (g) -241.8

Write the equation for the given ΔH°f

?  N2H4 (l)

?  H2O (g)
................................................................................
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 1 - ΔH°f
  ΔH°f (kJ mol-1)
N2H4 (l) 50.6
H2O (g) -241.8

Write the equation for the given ΔH°f

(1) N2 + 2H2  N2H4 (l)

(2) {H2 + ½ O2  H2O (g) } x 2

................................................................................
(1) + (2) = N2 + 2H2 + 2H2 + O2
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 1- ΔH°c
Calculate the standard enthalpy of reaction :
ΔHc
N2H4 (l) + O2 (g) N2 (g) + 2H2O(g)

  ΔH°f (kJ mol-1)

N2 (g) + 4H2 (g) + O2 (g) N2H4 (l) 50.6

H2O (g) -241.8

ΔHf N2H4 + ΔHc = ΔHf 2H2O

ΔHc =2 (-241.8) - (50.6)

ΔHc = -534.2 kJ mol-1

 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 2- ΔH°c
Calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion for the
following reaction:

C2H5OH (l) + 7/2 O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (l)

  ΔH°f (kJ mol-1)

CO2 (g) -393.5
H2O (g) -286
C2H5OH -278
 EXAMPLE   ΔH°f (kJ mol-1)

CALCULATION 1 CO2 (g) -393.5

- ΔH°f H2O (g) -286

C2H5OH -278

Write the equation for the given ΔH°f

(1) C (s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g)

(2) H2 + ½ O2  H2O (g)

................................................................................
2{C (s) + O2 (g)} + 3 {H2 + ½ O2 }

So, 2C (g) + 3H2 (g) + 7/2 O2 (g)  C2H5OH

 EXAMPLE CALCULATION
Calculate the standard enthalpy of reaction :
2- ΔH° c
ΔHc
C2H5OH (l) +3 O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (l)

2C (g) + 3H2 (g) + 7/2 O2 (g)

  ΔH°f (kJ mol-1)

ΔHf C2H5OH + ΔHc = ΔHf 2CO2 + ΔHf 3 H2O
CO2 (g) -393.5

ΔHc = [2 (-393.5) +3(-286)] - (-278) H2O (g) -286

C2H5OH -278
ΔHc = -1367 kJ mol-1
 Standard enthalpy change of hydration,
ΔH°hyd

The standard enthalpy change of hydration is the

enthalphy change when 1 mole of a specified gaseous
ion dissolves in sufficient water to form a very dilute
solution.

Ca 2+ (g)  + aq   Ca 2+ (aq) ΔHhyd = -1650 kJ mol-1

 Standard enthalpy change of solution,
ΔH°sol

The enthalpy change of solution is the enthalpy change

when 1 mole of solute dissolves in a solvent to give a
solution of infinite dilute solution under standard
conditions.

NaOH (s) + (aq)  NaOH (aq) ΔHsol = -120 kJ mol-1

 Standard enthalpy change of
neutralisation, ΔH°neu

The standard enthalpy change of neutralisation is the

enthalpy change when solutions of an acid and an
alkali react together under standard conditions to
produce 1 mole of water.

NaOH (aq) + HCl(aq)    NaCl (aq) + H2O(aq) ΔHsol = -57.9

kJ mol-1
 Standard enthalpy change of
atomisation, ΔH°a

The standard atomisation enthalpy is the enthalpy

change when 1 mole of gaseous atoms is formed from
the element in its standard state. The enthalphy
change is always positive.

½ Cl2 (g)    Cl (g)  ΔHa = +122 kJ mol-1

 Bond dissociation enthalpy

The bond dissociation enthalpy is the energy needed

to break one mole of the bond to give separated atoms
- everything being in the gas state.
 Bond dissociation enthalpy
A chemical reaction occur when there is a bond
breaking and new bonds is formed.

When bonds break, energy is absorbed (endothermic).

When bonds form, energy is released (exothermic).

Bond breaking make the compounds less stable while

bond forming make it more stable.
Finding Enthalpy Changes of Reaction from
Bond Dissociation Enthalpy

The bond dissociation enthalpy is the energy needed

to break one mole of the bond to give separated
atoms - everything being in the gas state.

The bond dissociation energy is always endothermic.

Example :
Estimate the enthalpy change of reaction for the reaction
between carbon monoxide and steam. This is a part of the
manufacturing process for hydrogen.

CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)

  bond enthalpy (kJ mol-1)

C≡O 1077
C=O 805
O-H 460
H-H 436
Solution :

CO (g) + H2O (g)  CO2 (g) + H2 (g)

ΔH = Bond broken – bond formed

ΔH = [C≡O + 2(O-H)] - [ 2(C=O) + H-H]
ΔH = [1077 + 2(460)] – [ 2(805) + 436]

ΔH = - 49 kJ mol-1
Exercise :

1) Calculate a value for the enthalphy change of combustion of

ethyne using the equation given.

C2H2(g) + 5/2 O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + H2O(g)

2) The equation for combustion of ethanol is :

C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)

Use the bond energy data to calculate the entalpy of

combustion for the above equation.
Exercise : Answer

1) Calculate a value for the enthalphy change of combustion of

ethyne using the equation given.

C2H2(g) + 5/2 O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + H2O(g)

ΔH = Bond broken – bond formed

ΔH = [2 (C-H) + C ≡ C + 5/2(O=O)] - [ 4(C=O) + 2 (H-O)]

From data booklet

ΔH = [2(410) + 840 + 5/2(496)] - [ 4(805) + 2 (460)]

ΔH = -1240 kJ mol-1
Exercise : Answer

2) The equation for combustion of ethanol is :

C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)

ΔH = Bond broken – bond formed

ΔH = [5 (C-H) + C-C + C-O + O-H + 3 (O=O)] - [ 4(C=O) +
6(H-O)]

From data booklet

ΔH = [5 (410) + 350 + 360 + 460+ 3 (496)] - [ 4(805) + 6(460)]

ΔH = -1272 kJ mol-1