NEURO ANATOMI

DAN
NEUROBEHAVIOUR

Dr. Moch. Bahrudin, Sp.S

 Literatur
 Baehr M , Frotscher M, 2005, Duus’ Topical Diagnosis in Neurology, Thieme Stuttgart, ·
New York
 Feldman E.L, Grisold Wolfgang, James W. Russell, do A. Zifko, 2005, Atlas of
Neuromuscular Diseases A Practical Guideline, SpringerWien, NewYork
 Greenstein B, Greenstein A, 2000, Color Atlas of Neuroscience Neuroanatomy and
Neurophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart · New York
 Hendelman .WJ, 2006, Atlas of Functional Neuroanatomy 2nd ed, CRC Press Taylor &
Francis Group,United States of America
 Martini F H, Timmons M. J, Tallisch R.B, 2005, Nervous System in Human Anatomy sixth
edidition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San fransisco :341-505.
 Monkhouse S, 2006, Cranial Nerves Functional Anatomy, cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
 Netter F.H, Craig John A, Perkins James, 2002, Atlas of Neuroanatomy and
Neurophysiology, Icon Custom Communications. USA
 Rohkamm R,2004, Color Atlas of Neurology, Thieme Stuttgart, New York
 Stephen G. W, 2010, Clinical Neuroanatomy, 26 th edition, Mc Graw Hill Medical, Newyork.
 Silbernagl S , Lang F, 2000, Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Thieme Stuttgart · New York
 TOPIK
 Susunan Saraf Pusat
 Susunan Saraf Tepi
 Susunan Saraf Somatik
 Susunan Saraf Autonom
PEMBAGIAN SUSUNAN SARAF MANUSIA

A. Anatomi
1. Susunan Saraf Pusat (SSP) : Otak (ensefalon) dan
medula spinalis
2. Susunan Saraf Tepi (SST) : Saraf – saraf kranial dan
spinal

B. Fisiologi
1. Susunan Saraf Somatik : Mensarafi struktur
“dinding”tubuh (otot,kult,membran mukosa)
2. Susunan Saraf Otonom : Mengontrol aktivitas otot – otot
dan kelenjar – kelenjar bagian “dalam” tubuh vsera) serta
pembuluh darah
SSP

Otak (ensefalon)
Serebrum
Telensefalon
Korteks
Subkorteks
Ganglia Basalis
Diensefalon
Talamus
Hipotalamus
Subtalamus
Epitalamus
Batang Otak
Mesensefalon
Pons
Medula oblongata
Otak Kecil (serebelum)
Paleoserebelum
Neoserebelum
Arkiserebelum
External Brain Structures
 The
Brain

 4 Parts
 Cerebrum
 Diencephalon
 Brain Stem
 Pons
 Medulla
 Midbrain
 Cerebellum
 Gray matter surrounded by White matter

pg 348
 Cerebral Hemispheres:

 Each hemisphere divided

into 5 lobes
 Frontal
 Parietal
 Occipital
 Temporal
 Insula
 Created by deep sulci
 Functional areas: motor,
sensory
 Associative areas: integrate

pg 349
 Lobes of the Cerebrum Limbic Lobe

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
 The Meninges
The meninges are layers
of tissue that separate the
skull and the brain.

Skull
Dura mater

Arachnoid Layer
Pia Mater
Brain
Ventricles
 CSF: sodium, chloride ions, proteins,
glucose, O2
 Liquid cushion for brain and
spinal cord
 Nourishes brain
 Removes waste
 Conducts chemical signals
between parts of CNS
 Produced in Choroid
Plexuses: group of capillaries
surrounded by ependymal cells
 Forms as a filtrate of blood

pg 376
Flow of CSF
 Formed in Choroid plexuses
 Through Ventricles
 Into Subarachnoid space & central canal from 4th
ventricle
 Through Arachnoid Villi into Superior Sagittal
Sinus
 Into Internal Jugular Vein

 Aspek klinis :
1. Hydrosepalus komunikans
2. Hydrosepalus non komunikans
 Cerebellum
The cerebellum is connected to the
brainstem, and is the center for
body movement and balance.

Click image to play or pause video

Cerebellum
Brainstem Divisions

Midbrain / Mesencephlalon

Pons

Medulla Oblongata
Sindroma Basis Mesensefali
(weber)
Sindroma Tegmentum
Mesensefali (benediks)
Millard-Gubler atau Foville
Sindroma Medula oblongata bagian
medial/basal sindroma Dejerine
Sindroma Medula Oblongata Bagian
Lateral/Dosrolateral
(sindroma Wallenberg)
 The Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Trochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
Arteri Ekstrakranial Utama yang
Memberi Darah ke Otak
Circulus Arteriosus Willisii
 Arterial Supply pada Primary
Motorik dan Sensori Motorik Korteks
 Profil Kelainan
Serebrovaskular
 SSP

Sumsum tulang belakang

(medula spinalis)
Servikal
Torakal
Lumbal
Sakral
Koksigeal
Myelum dari Foramen magnum vertebra L1-2

ASCENDENS MEDULARE
TEMPAT KELUARNYA SEGMEN NNERVUS SPINALIS
BERBEDA DENGAN VERTERA

VERTEBRA SEGMEN MYELUM

Cervical +1
Thoraracal +2
Lumbal-Sacral +3
Secara klinis ada 4 traktus yang penting

1. Traktus spinotalamikus anterior (Rangsangan raba )

2. Traktus spinotalamikus lateralis (rangsangan nyeri
dan suhu )
3. Kolumna dorsalis medula spinalis (Rangsangan
proprioseptif disalurkan melalui)
4. Tractus Kortikospinalis lateralis ( Motorik )
Funiculus Dorsalis
Funiculus Dorsalis
 SUSUNAN SOMESTESIA
Perasaan yang dirasa oleh bagian tubuh baik dari
kulit, jaringan ikat, tulang maupun otot dikenal
sebagai somestesia.
Terdiri :
 Eksteroseptif
(rasa nyeri, rasa suhu dan rasa raba).
 Proprioseptif
(rasa nyeri dalam, rasa getar, rasa tekan, rasa gerak dan rasa
sikap).
 Fungsi luhur
( Diskriminatif & demensional 3)
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral
Sensory Neurons

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.1
Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic
and Parasympathetic Divisions

• Issue from different

regions of the CNS
• Sympathetic – also
called the
thoracolumbar
division
• Parasympathetic –
also called the
craniosacral division

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.3
 Parasimpatetik Simpatetik
1) Preganglioner  N III, N VII, N IX 1) Preganglioner  radiks ventralis T1
dan N X. Radiks ventralis S2, S3 dan sampai T12 dan L1 sampai L3 
S4  lintasan “Kranio Sakral” lintasan “Torakolumbal”

2) Neuron efektor  ganglion dekat 2) Neuron efektor  di kedua sisi kolumna

organ/dinding organ vertebralis (trunkus simpatikus)

3) Neuron penghubung  bersinap 3) Bersinap dengan  196 neuron efektor.

dengan 15-20 neuron efektor 4) Secara fungsional: reaksi menyeluruh,
4) Secara fungsional: reaksi setempat, misal: arteri permukaan tubuh
misal: menurunnya denyut jantung, menguncup, jantung berdenyut lebih
meningkatnya kegiatan kelenjar cepat, tekanan darah meningkat  demi
peristaltik  demi pengawetan energi pengerahan energi badaniah karena
badaniah kebutuhan meningkat

5) Neurotransmiter preganglionik: 5) Preganglionik: Asetilkolin

Asetilkolin. Postganglionik: Nor Adrenalin
Postganglionik: Asetilkolin  susunan /Adrenergik. Untuk kelenjar keringat 
kolinergik bekerja secara kolinergik
KORTIKAL SENSASI
Area-area (kortikal) utama
1. Lobus frontalis
•Area 4 : (Girus presentralis): korteks motorik primer (utama)
•Area 6 : Area premotorik (lintasan motorik ekstrapiramidal).
•Area 8 : Berkaitan dengan gerakan mata konjugat dan
perubahan pupil.
•Area 44, 45 : Area bahasa motorik (Broca)

2. Lobus parietalis
•Area 3,1 dan 2 : (girus postsentralis) atau area
somatosensorik korteks sensorik primer
(utama)
3. Lobus temporalis
• Area 41 : korteks auditorik (pendengaran)
• Area 42 : korteks auditorik sekunder (asosiasi).
• Area 22 :area bahasa perseptif (Wernicke).
• Area 28 : area olfaktorik (pembau)

4. Lobus oksipitalis
• Area 17 : (korteks striatum / fisura kalkarina) : korteks
visual (penglihatan) primer.
• Area 18, 19 : korteks asosiasi visual.
Anatomi & Fisiologi • The major language centers of the
brain.
The motor and sensory areas are presented
as landmarks. Interconnecting functional
pathways are indicated by letters: A) The
connection between Wernicke's and Broca's
areas, mediating expression of language
utterances in speech;
B) The connection between Broca's area and
the primary motor area;
C) Connection between primary auditory
perception and Wernicke's area;
D) Connection between vision and
Wernicke's area, mediating reading ability;
E) Connection between somatosensory
perception (tactile, pain, cold/hot, position
sense) and Wernicke's area, this would
mediate language comprehension by tracing
letters on the skin or reading braille.
 INPUT KESADARAN NON SPESIFIK

SPESIFIK

5 INDERA Jaras Terminal Radiasio Kortek

Area 123
Kulit SpinoThalamik Thalamus Thal.Cortic
Area 5 7
Area 17
Mata Tract. Opticus C.Genic.Lat. Rad.Optic
Area 18 19
Area 41
Telinga Lemnic.Lat. C.Genic.Med Rad.Acustic
Area 42 22

Area 28
Hidung N.Olfactorius Bulb.Olfact. Stria Olfact
Area 35 25

Area 43
Lidah Lemnic.Medial Thalamus Rad.Gustat
Area ? ?
PEMAHAMAN Auditory / Verbal / Oral INPUT AUDITORY
SPESIFIK

Cohlea Labirin
Nn.VIII
Nuc.Nn.VIII
Lemnisc.Medialis

Kortek Primer Area 41

Tahu / Know

Kortek Sekunder Area 42

Kenal / Synthesis

Kortek Tertier Area 22

Faham / Analysis
PROSES BERBAHASA / KOMUNIKASI VERBAL

Fonetis
6 Ucapan Leksiko – Semantis
Fonologis Penemuan Kata
Fonemis 4
Ejaan - Ucapan Area
39
Area
Morfo – Syntaxis
44 Grammar
Broca
Leksiko – Semantis
Penemuan Kata

Area 41 42 Area 22
Auditory Wernicke
Verbal Dengar
 INPUT VISUAL
KESADARAN VISUAL
SPESIFIK

Retina
Tractus Opticus
Corpus Genic.Lateral
Radiatio Optica

Kortek Primer Area 17

Tahu / Know

Kortek Sekunder Area 18

Kenal / Synthesis

Kortek Tertier Area 19

Faham / Analysis
 PROSES BERBAHASA / KOMUNIKASI

VISUAL = TULIS ( Membaca )

Fonetis
6 Ucapan Leksiko – Semantis
Fonologis Penemuan Kata
Fonemis 4 Area
Ejaan - Ucapan
39
19
Area
44
Broca Morfo – Syntaxis
17 18
Grammar

Visual

Area 22 Area 17 18 19
Wernicke Visual
SEMOGA SUKSES