INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1

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Key Ideas
Many failed systems were
abandoned because analysts
tried to build wonderful systems
without understanding the
organization.
The primarily goal is to create
value for the organization.
Slide 2 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
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Key Ideas
The systems analyst is a key person
analyzing the business, identifying
opportunities for improvement, and
designing information systems to
implement these ideas.
It is important to understand and
develop through practice the skills
needed to successfully design and
implement new information systems.

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THE SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE

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Major Attributes of the
Lifecycle
The project
Moves systematically through phases
where each phase has a standard set
of outputs
Produces project deliverables
Uses deliverables in implementation
Results in actual information system
Uses gradual refinement

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Project Phases
Planning
Why build the system?
Analysis
Who, what, when, where will the system be?
Design
How will the system work?
Implementation
System delivery

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 A “Simple” Process for Making Lunch

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Planning
Identifying business value
Analyze feasibility
Develop work plan
Staff the project
Control and direct project

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Analysis
Analysis
Information gathering
Process modeling
Data modeling

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Design
Physical design
Architectural design
Interface design
Database and file design
Program design

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Implementation
Construction
Installation

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Processes and
Deliverables
Process Product

Planning Project Plan

Analysis System Proposal

Design System
Specification

Implementation New System and

Maintenance Plan

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THE EVOLUTION OF
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

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What Is a Methodology?

A formalized approach or series

of steps
Writing code without a well-
thought-out system request
may work for small programs,
but rarely works for large ones.

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Structured Design
Projects move methodically
from one to the next step
Generally, a step is finished
before the next one begins

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Waterfall Development
Method

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Pros and Cons of the
Waterfall Method

Pros Cons

Identifies systems Design must be

requirements long specified on paper
before programming before programming
begins begins

Long time between

system proposal and
delivery of new
system

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Alternatives to the SDLC

Rapid Application Development

(RAD)
Phased Development
Prototyping
Throw-Away Prototyping

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Rapid Application
Development
Critical elements
CASE tools
JAD sessions
Fourth generation/visualization
programming languages
Code generators

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Rapid Application
Development Categories
Phased development
A series of versions
Prototyping
System prototyping
Throw-away prototyping
Design prototyping

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How Prototyping Works

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Throwaway Prototyping

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Object-Oriented Analysis
and Design
Attempts to balance emphasis
on data and process
Uses Unified Modeling Language
(UML) for diagramming
Use-case Driven
Architecture Centric
Iterative and Incremental
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BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF
OBJECT-ORIENTED
SYSTEMS

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Key Elements
Classes -- template to define objects
Instances -- specific examples of class
members
Objects -- building block of the system
Attributes -- describe data aspects of the
object
Methods -- the processes the object can
perform
Messages -- instructions sent to or received
from other objects
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A Class and Its Objects
Instantiated Objects of the Class

Class PATIENT 1: TOP PACKAGE: PATIENT

-Name = Teresa Marks

PATIENT -Birthdate = March 16, 1975
-Phone number = 314-997-3456
-Name
-Birthdate Attributes
-Phone Number
+Insert ()()
+Delete ()() PATIENT 2: TOP PACKAGE: PATIENT

-Name = Mel Bourne

Methods -Birthdate = May 11, 1965
-Phone number = 314-997-3219

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The Key to Reusability
Information hiding is the
principle that only information
required to use the object is
available outside the object
Encapsulation is the mechanism
that combines data and
processes in a single object
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Class Hierarchy

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Inheritance

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Polymorphism

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OBJECT-ORIENTED
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
USING UML

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UML
The full UML provides 9
separate diagramming
techniques

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PROJECT TEAM ROLES
AND SKILLS

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Information Systems
Roles
Business analyst
System analyst
Infrastructure analyst
Change management analyst
Project manager

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Summary -- Part 1

The Systems Development Lifecycle

consists of four stages: Planning, Analysis,
Design, and Implementation

There are three major development

methodologies: the waterfall method, RAD,
and the Object-Oriented approach.

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Summary -- Part 2
There are six major elements in Object-
Oriented design: classes, objects,
instances, attributes, methods, and
messages.
Encapsulation, Inheritance, and
Polymorphism are also important object-
oriented concepts
There are five major team roles: business
analyst, systems analyst, infrastructure
analyst, change management analyst and
project manager.
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Expanding the Domain
For complete description of UML
see:
www.rational.com/uml

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