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Network Theorems

The document summarizes several network theorems: - Superposition theorem allows solving circuits with multiple sources by considering each source separately. - Thevenin's theorem replaces a linear network with a single voltage source in series with an equivalent resistance. - Norton's theorem models a network as a current source in parallel with an equivalent resistance. - Maximum power transfer theorem states maximum power is delivered to a resistive load when its resistance equals the internal resistance of the network as seen from the load terminals.

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Farin Khan
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9 views

Network Theorems

The document summarizes several network theorems: - Superposition theorem allows solving circuits with multiple sources by considering each source separately. - Thevenin's theorem replaces a linear network with a single voltage source in series with an equivalent resistance. - Norton's theorem models a network as a current source in parallel with an equivalent resistance. - Maximum power transfer theorem states maximum power is delivered to a resistive load when its resistance equals the internal resistance of the network as seen from the load terminals.

Uploaded by

Farin Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Theorems

Reference: www.circuitglobe.com
Dr. Mrunal Rupesh Rane
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Superposition Theorem
In any linear, active, bilateral network having more than one source,
the response across any element is the sum of the responses obtained
from each source considered separately and all other sources are
replaced by their internal resistance. The superposition theorem is
used to solve the network where two or more sources are present and
connected.
Step 1 – Take only one independent source of voltage or current and deactivate the other
sources.
Step 2 – In the circuit diagram shown, consider the source V1 and replace the other source
V2 by its internal resistance. If its internal resistance is not given, then it is taken as zero and
the source is short-circuited.
Step 3 – If there is a voltage source than short circuit it and if there is a current source then
just open circuit it.
Step 4 – Thus, by activating one source and deactivating the other source find the current in
each branch of the network. Taking the above example find the current I1’, I2’and I3’.
Step 5 – Now consider the other source V2 and replace the source V1 by its internal
resistance r1 as shown in the circuit diagram.
Step 6 – Determine the current in various sections, I1’’, I2’’ and I3’’.
Step 7 – Now to determine the net branch current utilizing the superposition theorem, add
the currents obtained from each individual source for each branch.
Step 8 – If the current obtained by each branch is in the same direction then add them and if
it is in the opposite direction, subtract them to obtain the net current in each branch.
Thevenin’s Theorem
Any linear active network consisting of independent or dependent
voltage and current source and the network elements can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit having a voltage source in series with a
resistance. Where the voltage source being the open-circuited voltage
across the open-circuited load terminals and the resistance being the
internal resistance of the source.
Where,
VTH is the Thevenin’s equivalent voltage.
It is an open circuit voltage across the terminal AB known
as load terminal
RTH is the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance, as seen from
the load terminals where all the sources are replaced by
their internal impedance
rL is the load resistance
Step 1 – First of all remove the load resistance rL of the given circuit.
Step 2 – Find the open circuit voltage.
Step 3 – Replace all the sources by their internal resistance.
Step 4 – If sources are ideal then short circuit the voltage source and open circuit the
current source.
Step 5 – Now find the equivalent resistance at the load terminals, known as Thevenin’s
Resistance (RTH).
Step 6 – Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit by connecting the open circuit voltage in
series with RTH and load resistance and after that determine the desired response.
Norton’s Theorem
A linear active network consisting of the independent or dependent
voltage source and current sources and the various circuit elements
can be substituted by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source in parallel with a resistance. The current source being the
short-circuited current across the load terminal and the resistance
being the internal resistance of the source network.
Where,
IL is the load current
Isc is the short circuit current
Rint is the internal resistance of the circuit
RL is the load resistance of the circuit

Step 1 – Remove the load resistance of the circuit.


Step 2 – Find the internal resistance Rint of the source network by deactivating the constant
sources.
Step 3 – Now short the load terminals and find the short circuit current ISC flowing through
the shorted load terminals using conventional network analysis methods.
Step 4 – Norton’s equivalent circuit is drawn by keeping the internal resistance Rint in parallel
with the short circuit current ISC.
Step 5 – Reconnect the load resistance RL of the circuit across the load terminals and find the
current through it known as load current IL.
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
A resistive load, being connected to a DC network, receives
maximum power when the load resistance is equal to the internal
resistance known as (Thevenin’s equivalent resistance) of the source
network as seen from the load terminals. The Maximum Power
Transfer theorem is used to find the load resistance for which there
would be the maximum amount of power transfer from the source to
the load.
PL can be maximized by varying RL and hence, maximum power can be
delivered when (dPL/dRL) = 0

But, (dPL/dRL) = 0

Therefore,
Step 1 – Remove the load resistance of the circuit.
Step 2 – Find the Thevenin’s resistance (RTH) of the source network looking
through the open-circuited load terminals.
Step 3 – As per the maximum power transfer theorem, this RTH is the load
resistance of the network, i.e., RL = RTH that allows maximum power
transfer.
Step 4 – Maximum Power Transfer is calculated by the equation

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