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STS Clone

This document defines key terms related to cloning such as DNA, genes, and stem cells. It then describes the two main methods for cloning animals - embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Dolly the sheep is discussed as the first successfully cloned animal. The document notes potential uses of cloning including for stem cell research and modifying animal genetics. It concludes by addressing the legality and ethics of human cloning.

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Justine Mae Cipres
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106 views20 pages

STS Clone

This document defines key terms related to cloning such as DNA, genes, and stem cells. It then describes the two main methods for cloning animals - embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Dolly the sheep is discussed as the first successfully cloned animal. The document notes potential uses of cloning including for stem cell research and modifying animal genetics. It concludes by addressing the legality and ethics of human cloning.

Uploaded by

Justine Mae Cipres
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Specific issues on sts:

cloning
What is cloning?
vocabulary

chromosome
Noun
 strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of cells that carries the
organism's genetic information.
vocabulary

clone
Noun
 cell or group of cells that is genetically identical to its ancestor cell or group
of cells.
vocabulary

DNA
Noun
 (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule in every living organism that contains
specific genetic information on that organism.
vocabulary

embryo
Noun
 unborn animal in the early stages of development.
vocabulary

ethical
Adjective
 morals and behaviors deemed acceptable by society
vocabulary

fertilize
Verb
 to make productive or fertile.
vocabulary

gene
Noun
 part of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity.
vocabulary

replica
Noun
 an exact copy or reproduction.
vocabulary

somatic cell
Noun
 cells that make up every part of an organism; not a sperm or egg cell
vocabulary

stem cell
Noun
 early cell that can develop into any type of cell or tissue in the body
Cloning

 Cloning is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living


things. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole animals can all be cloned.
 Some clones already exist in nature. Single-celled organisms like bacteria
make exact copies of themselves each time they reproduce. In humans,
identical twins are similar to clones. They share almost the exact same genes.
Identical twins are created when a fertilized egg splits in two.
Cloning

 Scientists also make clones in the lab. They often clone genes in order to


study and better understand them. To clone a gene, researchers
take DNA from a living creature and insert it into a carrier like bacteria or
yeast. Every time that carrier reproduces, a new copy of the gene is made.
Cloning

 Animals are cloned in one of two ways. The first is called embryo twinning.


Scientists first split an embryo in half. Those two halves are then placed in a
mother’s uterus. Each part of the embryo develops into a unique animal, and
the two animals share the same genes. The second method is called somatic
cell nuclear transfer. Somatic cells are all the cells that make up an
organism, but that are not sperm or egg cells. Sperm and egg cells contain
only one set of chromosomes, and when they join during fertilization, the
mother’s chromosomes merge with the father’s. Somatic cells, on the other
hand, already contain two full sets of chromosomes. To make a clone,
scientists transfer the DNA from an animal’s somatic cell into an egg cell that
has had its nucleus and DNA removed. The egg develops into an embryo that
contains the same genes as the cell donor. Then the embryo is implanted into
an adult female’s uterus to grow.
Cloning

 In 1996, Scottish scientists cloned the first animal, a sheep they named Dolly.


She was cloned using an udder cell taken from an adult sheep. Since then,
scientists have cloned cows, cats, deer, horses, and rabbits. They still have
not cloned a human, though. In part, this is because it is difficult to produce
a viable clone. In each attempt, there can be genetic mistakes that prevent
the clone from surviving. It took scientists 276 attempts to get Dolly right.
There are also ethical concerns about cloning a human being.
Cloning

 Researchers can use clones in many ways. An embryo made by cloning can be


turned into a stem cell factory. Stem cells are an early form of cells that can
grow into many different types of cells and tissues. Scientists can turn them
into nerve cells to fix a damaged spinal cord or insulin-making cells to treat
diabetes.
Cloning

 The cloning of animals has been used in a number of different applications.


Animals have been cloned to have gene mutations that help scientists study
diseases that develop in the animals. Livestock like cows and pigs have been
cloned to produce more milk or meat. Clones can even “resurrect” a beloved
pet that has died. In 2001, a cat named CC was the first pet to be created
through cloning. Cloning might one day bring back extinct species like the
woolly mammoth or giant panda.
FAQs

Is human cloning legal?


 In many countries, reproductive cloning and non-reproductive cloning have
been banned. Some countries have passed laws banning reproductive cloning
but leave out or allow non-reproductive cloning. In the United States, there
are currently no laws banning human cloning, but there are restrictions as to
the use of government funding for cloning research.
What are the ethical issues about cloning?
 There are several ethical issues with human cloning, including both the
physical safety of the process and societal principles. High failure rates of
viable embryos, health issues with cloned offspring, loss of genetic diversity,
and rights of cloned individuals are some of the issues brought up in ethical
debates.
REFERENCE:

 https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/cloning/
 https://www.philstar.com/business/science-and-environment/
2003/03/27/200490/rp-savants-buck-human-cloning

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