CONSONANTS

/f/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /f/

• fat after quiff Place of Articulation:
• foot different laugh Manner of Articulation:
• fame graphic enough Voicing:
 /f/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /f/

• fat after quiff Place of Articulation: labiodental
• foot different laugh Manner of Articulation: fricative
• fame graphic enough Voicing: voiceless
 /v/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /v/

• van event arrive above P.A.:
• vault every leave of M.A.:
• visit marvelous drive love Voicing:
 /v/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /v/

• van event arrive above P.A.:labiodental
• vault every leave of M.A.:fricative
• visit marvelous drive love Voicing: voiced
 /ʃ/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /ʃ/

• shout anxious mash P.A.:
• shoe motion wash M.A.:
• shell physician bush Voicing:
 /ʃ/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /ʃ/

• shout anxious mash P.A.:palatal
• shoe motion wash M.A.:sibilant
• shell physician bush Voicing:voiceless
 /ʒ/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /ʒ/

• jabot pleasure garage P.A.:
• Jean Paul measure beige M.A.:
• genre leisure prestige Voicing:
 /ʒ/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /ʒ/

• jabot pleasure garage P.A.: palatal
• Jean Paul measure beige M.A.:sibilant
• genre leisure prestige Voicing:voiced
 /ʧ/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /ʧ/

• chalk teacher match P.A.:
• cheese nature watch M.A.:
• cheek bachelor latch Voicing:
 /ʧ/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /ʧ/

• chalk teacher match P.A.: alveolopalatal
• cheese nature watch M.A.: sibilant
• cheek bachelor latch Voicing: voiceless
 /ʤ/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /ʤ /

• jar agent large P.A.:
• general engineer badge M.A.:
• giant manager language Voicing:
 /ʤ/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /ʤ /

• jar agent large P.A.: alveolopalatal
• general engineer badge M.A.: sibilant
• giant manager language Voicing: voiced
 /h/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /h/

• hat behind -X- P.A.:
• home unhappy -X- M.A.:
• house ahead -X- Voicing:
 /h/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /h/

• hat behind -X- P.A.: glottal
• home unhappy -X- M.A.: fricative
• house ahead -X- Voicing: voiced
 /b/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /b/

• baby library bulb P.A.:
• boy symbolic absorb M.A.:
• bark alphabet babe Voicing:
 /b/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /b/

• baby library bulb P.A.: bilabial
• boy symbolic absorb M.A.: plosive
• bark alphabet babe Voicing: voiced
 /d/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /d/

• day leader* said ride P.A.:
• deer medical* bad decide M.A.:
• dancer lady* mood divide Voicing:
 /d/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /d/

• day leader* said ride P.A.:alveolar
• deer medical* bad decide M.A.:plosive
• dancer lady* mood divide Voicing: voiced
 /g/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /g/

• girl argument leg P.A.:
• guess angry dog M.A.:
• go forgive bag Voicing:
 /g/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /g/

• girl argument leg P.A.: velar
• guess angry dog M.A.: plosive
• go forgive bag Voicing: voiced
 ASPIRATION

/p/
• Underline all letters that represent the sound /p/
• pen pie apt lap P.A.:
• pick pork champagne top M.A.:
• pour pure report pipe Voicing:
 ASPIRATION

/p/
• Underline all letters that represent the sound /p/
• pen pie apt lap P.A.: bilabial
• pick pork champagne top M.A.: plosive
• pour pure report pipe Voicing: voiceless
 /k/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /k/

• kind car occur back P.A.:
• cat kit acquire stomach M.A.:
• course kid parking book Voicing:
 /k/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /k/

• kind car occur back P.A.: velar
• cat kit acquire stomach M.A.: plosive
• course kid parking book Voicing: voiceless
 /t/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /t/

• time tackle attain butter* but P.A.:
• tooth tremble contribute legislative* pet M.A.:
• table try mysterious attitude* shut Voicing:
 /t/

• Underline all letters that represent the sound /t/

• time tackle attain butter* but P.A.: alveolar
• tooth tremble contribute legislative* pet M.A.: plosive
• table try mysterious attitude* shut Voicing: voiceless
**PRONUNCIATION TO GRAMMAR 1**
WHAT DO THESE WORDS HAVE IN COMMON?

• GROUP I
plant support state land afford divide
retort relate recite depend decide invade

• GROUP II
stop laugh pass watch mash cook
escape surf cross match wash pick

• GROUP III
absorb arrive buzz call merge beg
slam breathe learn repair massage bang
 SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS (⇒ -d / -ed)

The past tense suffix pronunciation is influenced by the previous SOUND.

If the previous sound is either /t/ or /d/, there will be an extra syllable: /ɪd/.
If the previous sound is voiceless / p f s ʧ ʃ k /, the suffix is pronounced /t/.
If the previous sound is voiced, the suffix is pronounced /d/.

SIMPLE PAST PRONUNCIATION

E.G. /t/ /d/ /ɪd/
barked –stopped –danced cleaned –used – arrived acted– landed – invited

 
EXERCISE: Write these verbs under the appropriate pronunciation:

assist – bang – beg – bluff – borrow – call – decide – depend – discover – erode – finish – hope –
insist – land – laugh – listen – manage – massage – match – mix – pass – play – relate – relieve –
scythe – seem – sneeze – sound – stab – talk – taste – wait – wash – watch – work – wrap
SIMPLE PAST PRONUNCIATION
Extra Syllable Group Voiceless Group Voiced Group
-d / -ed ⇒ /ɪd/ -d / -ed ⇒ /t/ -d / -ed ⇒ /d/
 /r/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /r/

rat apartment car P.A.:
room large bar M.A.:
really orange pair Voicing:
 /r/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /r/

rat apartment car P.A.: alveolar
room large bar M.A.: retroflex
really orange pair Voicing: voiced
 /l/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /l/

learn melt tell P.A.:
lipstick filter girl M.A.:
lamp milk pencil Voicing:
 /l/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /l/

learn melt tell P.A.: alveolar
Lipstick filter girl M.A.: lateral
lamp milk pencil Voicing: voiced
 /θ/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /θ/

think through method arithmetic mouth P.A.:
thigh thorough author athlete month M.A.:
thought thick lethal Catholic bath Voicing:
 /θ/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /θ/

think through method arithmetic mouth P.A.: dental
thigh thorough author athlete month M.A.: fricative
thought thick lethal Catholic bath Voicing: voiceless
 /ð/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /ð/

they there other southern smooth P.A.:
this these brother northern soothe M.A.:
that those mother althoughbreathe Voicing:
 /ð/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /ð/

they there other southern smooth P.A.:
this these brother northern soothe M.A.:
that those mother althoughbreathe Voicing:
**MINIMAL PAIRS**
MINIMAL PAIRS ARE PAIRS OF WORDS EQUALLY
PRONOUNCED EXCEPT FOR ONE SINGLE SOUND.

/s/ /θ/ /t/ /θ/ /f/ /θ/

1. sin thin 1.tin thin 1.first thirst
2. sigh thigh 2.ties thighs 2.fought thought
3. sink think 3.tanks thanks 3.fret threat
4. seem theme 4.tree three 4.free three
**MINIMAL PAIRS**
MINIMAL PAIRS ARE PAIRS OF WORDS EQUALLY
PRONOUNCED EXCEPT FOR ONE SINGLE SOUND.

/d/ /ð/ /z/ /ð/

1. doughthough 1.Zen then
2. doze those 2.close clothe
3. dare their 3.breeze breathe
4. Dan than 4.size scythe
 /s/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /s/

smell based disagree dress P.A.:
small basic disapprove kiss M.A.:
sky basement disorder jealous Voicing:
spare mislead disobey face
state misunderstand disregard case
 /s/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /s/

smell based disagree dress P.A.: alveolar
small basic disapprove kiss M.A.: sibilant
sky basement disorder jealous Voicing: voiceless
spare mislead disobey face
state misunderstand disregard case
 /z/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /z/

zoo possession does P.A.:
xerox measles blues M.A.:
zodiac chosen news Voicing:
 /z/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /z/

zoo possession does P.A.: alveolar
xerox measles blues M.A.: sibilant
zodiac chosen news Voicing: voiced
 SAME OR DIFFERENT?

GROUP 1 execute oxygen maximize lexical axiom

GROUP 2 executive examine exert auxiliary anxiety

**PRONUNCIATION TO GRAMMAR 2**
WHAT DO THESE WORDS HAVE IN COMMON?

• GROUP I
box Liz watch judge marsh vernissage
place phase bleach dodge wash massage

• GROUP II
tape Jeff Beth state make tape
stop cough fifth retort ache stop

• GROUP III
Bob mug breathe pencil pen play
ride arrive door slam sing borrow
SIMPLE PRESENT (3RD PERSON), PLURAL FORM AND GENITIVE CASE

The pronunciation of these suffixes (-s/-es) is influenced by the previous SOUND.

• If the previous sound is sibilant /s z ʧ ʤ ʃ ʒ /, there will be an extra syllable: /ɪz/.
• If the previous sound is voiceless / p f θ t k /, the suffix is pronounced /s/.
• If the previous sound is voiced, the suffix is pronounced /z/.
 
 
E.G. /s/ /z/ /ɪz/
makes –tapes – Jeff’s drives –beds – Pam’s washes– boxes – Jorge’s
•  
EXERCISE: Write these words under the appropriate pronunciation:
Alec – Andrew – badge – Bart – bathe – beg – Ben – book – boot – cat – Dave – enjoy – garage – George –
hope – Jennifer – king – lab – lamp – latch – laugh – match – mate – maze – Mitch – moth – pass – rod –
Sam – school – splash – store – stroll – Thomas

PRESENT, PLURAL, PRESENT, PLURAL, PRESENT, PLURAL,

POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE
Extra Syllable Group Voiceless Group Voiced Group
-S / -es ⇒ /ɪz/ -s / -es ⇒ /s/ -s / -es ⇒ /z/
 NASALS
/m/
Underline all letters that represent the sound /m/
make Cambridge room P.A.:
mute computer ma’am M.A.:
meet comfortable seem Voicing:
 NASALS
/m/
Underline all letters that represent the sound /m/
make Cambridge room P.A.: bilabial
mute computer ma’am M.A.: nasal
meet comfortable seem Voicing: voiced
 /n/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /n/

name aunt reduction P.A.:
knee pencil vision M.A.:
nose answer pen Voicing:
 /n/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /n/

name aunt reduction P.A.: alveolar
knee pencil vision M.A.: nasal
nose answer pen Voicing: voiced
 /ŋ/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /ŋ/

-x- singer drink sing P.A.:
-x- singing blink king M.A.:
-x- hanger bank going Voicing:
 
 /ŋ/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /ŋ/

-x- singer drink sing P.A.: velar
-x- singing blink king M.A.: nasal
-x- hanger bank going Voicing: voiced
 
 MINIMAL PAIRS

/m/ /n/ /ŋ/

Kim kin king
Hum Hun hung
ram ran rang
Tom ton tongue
Sam San sang
 GLOTTAL STOP

/ʔ/
written ridden
beaten student
frighten confident
forgotten warden
forbidden dependent
 ELISION

nt/nd = /n/
intersection
center
planted
understand
fundamental
 **SEMIVOWELS**

• Semivowels are letters (‘w’ and ‘y’) that represent vowel sounds at syllable-end position
(bay, cow, etc) and consonant sounds (/w/ and /j/) at the beginning or in the middle of a
syllable. Other letters can also represent these consonant sounds, as shown below.
 /w/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /w/

one water swim -x- P.A.:
once what quiet -x- M.A.:
walk when sandwiches - x - Voicing: 
 /w/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /w/

one water swim -x- P.A.: bilabial/velar
once what quiet -x- M.A.: fricative
walk when sandwiches - x - Voicing: voiced
 /j/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /j/

yellow regular -x- P.A.:
young million -x- M.A.:
years onion -x- Voicing:
 /j/

Underline all letters that represent the sound /j/

yellow regular -x- P.A.: palatal
young million -x- M.A.: fricative
years onion -x- Voicing: voiced
 /j + u/ (EXTRA PRACTICE)

Underline all letters that represent the sound /ju/

universe computer view
use human few
youth huge review
 **REVIEW EXERCISES**

1. Write the phonetic symbol for the underlined letters.

A. please / / E. weather / /
B. laugh / / F. nation / /
C. mouse / / G. architect / /
D. song / / H. psychology / /
2. Circle the words that begin with a bilabial sound:
mat gnat sat bat rat pat
 
3. Circle the words that begin with a velar sound:
knot got lot cot hot pot
 
4. Circle the words that begin with a labiodental sound:
fat cat that mat chat vat

5. Circle the words that begin with an alveolar sound:

zip nip lip sip tip dip
6. Circle the words that begin with a dental sound:
pie guy shy thigh thy high
 
7. Circle the words that begin with a palatal sound:
sighshy tie thigh thy lie
 

8. Circle the words that end with a fricative sound:

race wreath bush bring rave
rateroserough breathe bang
 
9. Circle the words that end with a nasal sound:
rainrang dumb deaf
10. Circle the words that end with a plosive sound:
pill lip lit graph crab
back dog hide laugh lamb
 

11. Circle the words that begin with a lateral sound:

nut lull bar rob one
12. Circle the words that begin with a semi-vowel working as a consonant sound:
we you one run
13. Circle the words that end with a sibilant sound:
much back edge ooze

14. Circle the words in which the consonant sound in the middle is voiced:
tracking mother robber leisure massive stomach
 
C. Define the consonant sounds of each of the following bold-faced letters. Look at the example:
Voiced or voiceless Place of articulation Manner of articulation

adder
1 father
2 singing
3 etching
4 robber
5 ether
6 pleasure
7 hopper
8 selling
9 sunny
10 lodger