3. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix .

( )
−2 2 −3
Solution: Given 𝐴= 2 1 −6
−1 −2 0

The characteristic equation of is given by | 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼|=0

|( ) ( )|
−2 2 −3 1 0 0
2 1 −6 − 𝜆 0 1 0 =0
−1 −2 0 0 0 1

| |
− 2− 𝜆 2 −3
2 1− 𝜆 −6 =0
−1 −2 0− 𝜆

The characteristic equation of A can be obtained from

𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 +𝑆 2 𝜆 − 𝑆3 =0 : Trace of

Now : Sum of determinant of

𝑆1 =−2+1+0=− 1, minors of main diagonal elements

:
𝑆 2= | 1
−2 0
+||
− 6 −2
−1 0
+||
−3 − 2
2
2
1 | (
−2
𝐴= 2
2
1
−3
−6
)
−1 −2 0
¿ −12+ ( −3 )+(−2 − 4)
𝑆 2=−21 𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 +𝑆 2 𝜆 − 𝑆3 =0

Therefore, the characteristic equation of is

------------------(1)
The eigenvalues of are the roots of the characteristic equation (1) of .

is one of the root of the characteristic equation (1), thus

Now, we get
−3
( 𝜆+3 )( 𝜆− 5 )=0
𝜆=−3 & 𝜆=5
Therefore, the eigenvalues of the given matrix A are , 𝜆=−3 & 𝜆=5
 Find Eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue

The eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue can be obtained from

( 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼 ) 𝑋=0

( )( ) ( )
−2 − 𝜆 2 −3 𝑥1 0
2 1− 𝜆 −6 𝑥2 = 0
−1 −2 −𝜆 𝑥3 0

( )( ) ( )
1 2 −3 𝑥1 0
implies,
2 4 −6 𝑥2 = 0
−1 −2 3 𝑥3 0

Rewriting as system gives 𝑥1 +2 𝑥 2 −3 𝑥 3=0

2 𝑥 1 +4 𝑥 2 − 6 𝑥 3=0
− 𝑥 1 −2 𝑥 2+3 𝑥 3=0
Solve the system,
we have only one equation
𝑥1 +2 𝑥 2 −3 𝑥 3=0
 ( )
we have only one equation 1 2 −3⋮ 0 𝑅1
~
𝐴= 2 4 −6⋮ 0 𝑅2
𝑥1 +2 𝑥 2 −3 𝑥 3=0 −1 −2 3 ⋮ 0 𝑅3

( )
Let 1 2 −3 ⋮ 0 𝑅1
~
𝐴= 0 0 0 ⋮ 0 𝑅 2 → 𝑅2 −2 𝑅1
0 0 0 ⋮ 0 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 3+ 𝑅1
We get
𝑥1=−2 𝑥 2 +3 𝑥 3
𝑥1=−2 𝑡+3 𝑠
Therefore the eigenvector corresponding to is

( )( )( )( ) ( ) ()
𝑥1 − 2 𝑡 +3 𝑠 −2 𝑡 3𝑠 −2 3
𝑋 1= 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 = 𝑡 + 0 =𝑡 1 + 𝑠 0
𝑥3 𝑠 0 𝑠 0 1

Thus, the eigenvectors corresponding to are

( )( ) ( ) ()
𝑥1 −2 𝑥1 3
𝑋 1= 𝑥 2 = 1 𝑋 2= 𝑥 2 = 0
&
𝑥3 0 𝑥3 1
 Find Eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue

The eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue can be obtained from

( 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼 ) 𝑋=0

( )( ) ( )
−2 − 𝜆 2 −3 𝑥1 0
2 1− 𝜆 −6 𝑥2 = 0
−1 −2 −𝜆 𝑥3 0

( )( ) ( )
−7 2 −3 𝑥1 0
implies,
2 −4 −6 𝑥2 = 0
−1 −2 −5 𝑥3 0

Rewriting as system gives −7 𝑥 1+2 𝑥 2 −3 𝑥 3=0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

2 𝑥 1 − 4 𝑥 2 −6 𝑥 3=0 −7 2 −3
2 −4 −6
− 𝑥 1 −2 𝑥 2 −5 𝑥 3=0
Solve the system, The eigenvector corresponding
= to is

( )( )
𝑥1 1
𝑋 3= 𝑥2 = 2
= 𝑥3 −1
Problem:
4. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix .

( )
1 2 2
Solution: Given 𝐴= 0 2 1
−1 2 2

The characteristic equation of is given by | 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼|=0

|( ) ( )|
1 2 2 1 0 0
0 2 1 −𝜆 0 1 0 =0
−1 2 2 0 0 1

| |
1−𝜆 2 2
0 2−𝜆 1 =0
−1 2 2−𝜆

The characteristic equation of A can be obtained from

𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 +𝑆 2 𝜆 − 𝑆3 =0 : Trace of

Now : Sum of determinant of

𝑆1 =1+2+2=5 , minors of main diagonal elements

:
𝑆 2= | 2
2
1
2||
+
1
−1
2
2||
+
1
0
2
2 | (
𝐴= 0
1 2
2
2
1
)
−1 2 2
¿ 2+4 +2
𝑆 2=8 𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 +𝑆 2 𝜆 − 𝑆3 =0

Therefore, the characteristic equation of is

------------------(1)
The eigenvalues of are the roots of the characteristic equation (1) of .

is one of the root of the characteristic equation (1), thus

Now, we get
1
( 𝜆 −2 )( 𝜆 − 2 )=0
𝜆=2 & 𝜆=2
Therefore, the eigenvalues of the given matrix A are , 𝜆=2 & 𝜆=2
 Find Eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue

The eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue can be obtained from

( 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼 ) 𝑋=0

( )( ) ( )
1−𝜆 2 2 𝑥1 0
0 2−𝜆 1 𝑥2 = 0
−1 2 2− 𝜆 𝑥3 0

( )( ) ( )
−1 2 2 𝑥1 0
implies,
0 0 1 𝑥2 = 0
−1 2 0 𝑥3 0

Rewriting as system gives − 𝑥 1+2 𝑥 2+2 𝑥3 =0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

𝑥3 =0 −1 2 2
0 0 1
− 𝑥 1+2 𝑥 2=0
Solve the system, The eigenvector corresponding
= to is

( )()
𝑥1 2
𝑋 1= 𝑥 2 = 1
= 𝑥3 0
 Find Eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue

The eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue can be obtained from

( 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼 ) 𝑋=0

( )( ) ( )
1−𝜆 2 2 𝑥1 0
0 2−𝜆 1 𝑥2 = 0
−1 2 2− 𝜆 𝑥3 0

( )( ) ( )
0 2 2 𝑥1 0
implies,
0 1 1 𝑥2 = 0
−1 2 1 𝑥3 0

Rewriting as system gives 2 𝑥 2 +2 𝑥 3 =0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

𝑥2 + 𝑥 3=0 0 1 1
−1 2 1
− 𝑥 1+2 𝑥 2+ 𝑥 3=0
Solve the system, The eigenvector corresponding
= to is

( )( )
𝑥1 1
𝑋 2= 𝑥 2 = 1
= 𝑥3 −1
 5. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix .

( )
6 5 2
Solution: Given 𝐴= 2 0 −8
5 4 0

The characteristic equation of is given by | 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼|=0

|( ) ( )|
6 5 2 1 0 0
2 0 −8 − 𝜆 0 1 0 =0
5 4 0 0 0 1

| |
6− 𝜆 5 2
2 0− 𝜆 − 8 =0
5 4 0− 𝜆

The characteristic equation of A can be obtained from

𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 +𝑆 2 𝜆 − 𝑆3 =0 : Trace of

Now : Sum of determinant of

𝑆1 =6+ 0+0=6 , minors of main diagonal elements

:
𝑆 2= | 0
4
−8 6
0
+ ||
5 ||
2 6
+
0 2
5
0 | (
6
𝐴= 2
5
0
2
−8
)
5 4 0
¿ 32 −10 −10
𝑆 2=12 𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 +𝑆 2 𝜆 − 𝑆3 =0

Therefore, the characteristic equation of is

------------------(1)
The eigenvalues of are the roots of the characteristic equation (1) of .

is one of the root of the characteristic equation (1), thus

Now, we get
2
( 𝜆 −2 )( 𝜆 − 2 )=0
𝜆=2 & 𝜆=2
Therefore, the eigenvalues of the given matrix A are , 𝜆=2 & 𝜆=2
 Find Eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue

The eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue can be obtained from

( 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼 ) 𝑋=0

( )( ) ( )
6− 𝜆 5 2 𝑥1 0
2 0−𝜆 −8 𝑥2 = 0
5 4 0− 𝜆 𝑥3 0

( )( ) ( )
4 5 2 𝑥1 0
implies,
2 −2 −8 𝑥2 = 0
5 4 −2 𝑥3 0

Rewriting as system gives 4 𝑥 1 +5 𝑥 2 +2 𝑥 3 =0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

2 𝑥 1 − 2 𝑥 2 − 8 𝑥 3=0 4 5 2
2 −2 −8
5 𝑥1 +4 𝑥 2 −2 𝑥3 =0
Solve the system, The eigenvector corresponding
= to is

( )( )
𝑥1 2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑋 2= 𝑥 2 = − 2
= = 𝑥3 1
− 36 36 −18
Thank you