MICROBIAL GENETICS

HARDY WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM PRINCIPLE

PRESENTED BY
NISHA KUMARI. D
1st M.s.c
MICROBIOLOGY
CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
In first decade of the Twentith
century. G.H .hardy and W.
Weinberg discovered
independently mathematical
frequencies in 1908 to find
out the gene and genotype
frequencies in population for
a particular gene these
formula or principle regarding
frequencies of gene and
genotype is known as
HardyWeinberg equilibrium
principle or Hardy Godferey Harold Hardy Wilhelm .Weinberg
WeinberLaw
Law states that “ The relative frequencies of various kinds of gene
and alleles in a large and randomly mating (Panmictic) population
tends to remain constant from generation to generation in the
absence of mutation,natural,selection and gene flow”

A better understanding of the law needs a knowledge of Mendelian

population. gene pool and gene frequencies and genotype frequency.

Species:Groupof Capable of Interbreeding is called species

Populatio:Number of Individuals of a single species in a particular

habitation at a given time is called Population .population splits in to
several Interbreeding group and An interbreeding group of a
population which occurs at community is known as Mendelian
population or genetic population
GENE POOL:
:●
The Sum of total of genus of all the individual in a Mendelian
population is known as Gene pool
● It includes all the gene of all the individuals of a population by this we
study about the number of gene variety of gene and type of genes
found in population
● Maintains its integrity as long as there is no interbreeding
● Tried to maintains genetic equilibrium.
● Size of gene pool depends on the number of gene and the number of
individuals carry these genes.
courtesy :goolge image
GENE FREQUENCY
● It refers to the proportions of an alleles in the gene pool of
population as compared with other genes at same locus
● It can be calculated by dividing the Number of a particular allele in
question with the total Number of allele present on that locus in
the population
● For a gene with 2 alleles say A and a has following proportion of
contribution
● IN A POPULATION :
● N=Total Number of individuals in the population
● D=Numberof homozygous dominants
● H= Number of heterozygous individuals
● R=Number of homozygous recessive
CALCULATING GENE FREQUENCIES

● Total Number of Individuals =N

● Total Number of alleles. =2N
● Number of homozygous dominant =D
● Number of recessive homozygous =R
● Number of heterzygous =H
● Total number of dominant alleles =2D+H
● Total number of recessive alleles. =2R+H
● Frequency of dominant genes ‘A’=2D+H/2H
● Frequency of recessive alleles ‘a‘=2R+H/2N
GENOTYPE FREQUENCY
It's is the total number of one kind of individuals from a population all of
which exhibit similar character with respect to the locus consideration
It can be calculated by dividing the number of individuals with that
genotype by the total number of individuals in the population
● Naturally Three kinds of individuals occurs in the population :
● Homozygous dominant
● Heterozygous and
● Homozygous recessive
CALCULATION OF GENOTYPE FREQUENCY
● Allele frequency of ‘A’allele =p
● Allele frequency of ‘a’allele=q
● Genotype frequency of AA=p2
● Genotype frequency of aa=q2
● Genotype frequency of Aa=2pq
 HARDY-WEINBERG EQUATION
that relationship between gene frequency and genotype frequency can be
expressed as: (p+q)2=1
Where p=is the frequency of alleles = ‘A’
q=is the frequency of alleles = ‘a’
the equation
p+q=1
p2+2pq+q2=1
A gene had two allele A and a
The frequency of alleles A is represented by p
The frequency of alleles a is represented by q
The frequency of Homozygous dominant genotype .AA=p2
The frequency of Homozygous recessive genotype. aa=p2
The frequency of heterozygous genotype. Aa=2pq
It's states “both gene frequencies and genotype frequency will
remain constant from generation to generation in an infinitely
large interbreeding population in which mating is at random
and no selection, migration or mutation occurs”
 Allele frequency remain constant when?
According to hardy Weinberg equilibrium principle or Law.The gene
and genotype frequencies of each in a population remains at
equilibrium generations after generation . If it exhibit following
attributes:
1. Random mating
2.larger population size
3.Bi-parental Mode of reproduction
4.Homogenous age structure
5.Absence of evolutionary froce
6.No preferential mating
Examples: Frequencies of Multiple allele
For ABO Blood group

Courtesy :google images

In a pygmy group in central Africa, the frequencies of alleles
determining the ABO blood group were estimated as 0.74 for IO
0.16 for IA, and 0.10 for IB. Assuming random mating .what are
the expected ffrequencies of ABO genotype and phenotype?
 Hardy -Weinberg for X-linked alleles : example Human and Drosophila (XX=Female, XY=Male)

Females: Hardy Weinberg frequencies are the same for any other locus .p2+2pq+q2 =1
Males: Genotype frequency are the same as allele frequencies. p+q=1
Recessive X-linked traits are more common among males