Airport Management

Unit - 1
For

BBA – 6th Semester

National Institute of Tourism and Hospitality Management

By

B.G Suneeth
 Unit 1 - Topics
• Introduction: Aviation Growth and Development; Growth and
Development of Airports;

• Role of IATA and its functions – ICAO Role and Functions – AAI

• Policies
Glossary - Aviation

• Airline • ICAO
• Airspace – Classes • IATA
• NATO Phonetic • ILS
Alphabet
• Aircraft
• Altitude
• Overshoot
• Apron
• Runway (RWY)
• ATC
• Taxiway (TWY)
• Cabin Crew
• Terminal
• Cargo
• Check-in counters
• Cockpit
• Pushback Tractors
• Crosswind
• Passengers/Travellers
• ETA & ETD & ETE
• PIC
• Final Approach
• Ground Staff
• Flight Plan
• Flight Recorder (Black box)
• Fuselage
• Go-Around
• Hangar
Aviation industry is broadly categorized into two areas
CA MA

GA
CAT

AW
What is Aviation ?
Important Organisations in Aviation Industry

• ICAO

• IATA

• MoC
A

• DGC
A
 Important Organisations in Aviation Industry

• ICAO – International Civil Aviation

Organisation

• IATA – International Air Transport

Association

• MoCA – Ministry of Civil Aviation

• DGCA – Directorate General of Civil Aviation

Growth and Development of Aviation
 Evolution of Aviation Industry – Ancient Times to Earliest Attempts

The idea of Flying in Hindu Mythology

The idea of Flying in Greek Mythology

Cave paintings depict Kite flying in

Indonesia (circa 9000 BC).

• The first attempt at moving objects through the air was in the form of
kites.

• Kites were invented in Asia (can be traced back to 9000 years ago). It
A picture depicts Kite flying in China has evolved into various forms after spreading throughout the region.
 Evolution of Aviation Industry – Ancient Times to Earliest Attempts
• Further, sky lanterns were invented on the basis of oil lamps & lanterns.

• Though sky lanterns were initially invented to use in military (wars), later on, it was widely used in festivals &
religious ceremonies in various regions.

• Tower Jumping - The first recorded tower jump was by Armen Firman in 852 AD

• During the Renaissance (14th – 17th Century), many scholars have proposed plans and ideas on aircrafts.

• In the later centuries, the hot air balloons were invented, based on the idea of sky lanterns.

Leonardo da Vinci’s concept Hot Air Balloon

Sky Lanterns
 Evolution of Aviation Industry – Renaissance to World War times

• During the 17th and 18th centuries, the discovery of hydrogen led to the invention of the hydrogen balloon, which
carried people away at high altitudes and across several miles.

• The hot air balloon became extremely popular during the late Eighteenth century, which furthered the discovery of
the correlation between altitude and atmosphere.

• Despite these advancements, lighter-than-air aircrafts were temporarily short-lived and not very durable. Regular
controlled flights of modern era did not emerge until the introduction of the internal combustion engine during the
Industrial Revolution.

• Ferdinand von Zeppelin was the pioneer of dirigible design.

 Evolution of Aviation Industry – Renaissance to World War times

• After the introduction of engines during the industrial revolution period, numerous designers tried developing
various models of aircrafts, but couldn’t succeed.

• The Wright Brothers designed and tested numerous kite and glider models between 1900 to 1902. Deeply
disappointed in these designs, the Wrights built a wind tunnel and then created numerous devices that were used to
measure the lift and drag on over two hundred wing designs.

• The Wrights finally found satisfaction with their third glider as it outperformed its predecessors and rigorous
testing contributed to the field of aeronautical engineering. The Wrights were the first to seriously study the
existing power and control problems. They discovered the solution to the control problem by developing wing
warping for roll control, yaw control, and a steerable rudder. The Wrights made the first sustained, manned heavier-
than-air flight on December 17th 1903. According to historians, the Wrights seemed to have the most advanced
knowledge on heavier-than-air navigation during their time.

In 1907, Paul Cornu

developed the first
manned helicopter that
rose off the ground.
 Evolution of Aviation Industry – Renaissance to World War times

• The military started using airplanes as soon as they were invented.

• Italy was the first country to use airplanes for military purposes. They used planes to bomb and shell during the
Turkish-Italian War in Libya; however, the first planes were used for offensive and a defensive purpose was during
the First World War.

• During the Second World War, all countries advanced their development and production of aircraft and flight-
based weapons systems.
 Evolution of Aviation Industry – Modern era

• The end of the First World War put on the market a surplus of pilots and aircraft which enabled the launch of
commercial air transport and, in the first place, that of mail.

• Aviation develops and there is the creation of an air force in many countries. Military aviation drives builders to
break new records.

• During the Second World War, aviation is widely used on the battlefield. This period can be considered the climax
of planes using a piston engine and a propeller as a propulsion means. The end of the war saw the birth of the jet
engine and the radar.

• Over the years the engines and avionics were evolved along with the technology. In 70’s Supersonic (Concorde)
jets were also introduced, but later discontinued.
 Evolution of Aviation Industry – Digital Age

• Fly-by-Wire technology

• Computerised cockpits and operations

• Long-haul and wide-body aircrafts

• Unmanned Ariel Vehicles/Drones

• Future ?
Growth and Development of Airports
 Growth and Development of Airports

• With the birth of aircrafts, the introduction of airstrips and airfields happened in the history of aviation.

• More and More aircrafts required, more and more airfields.

• With the advent of commercial airlines, commercial airports started emerging across the world.

• Over the period, airports undergone a tremendous change in terms of facilities, infrastructure, design and
functionalities etc.

• After the introduction of regulations, airports changed their structure. Hundreds of airports started
popping up everywhere.

• Attacks, crises forced airports to introduce strict safety and security measures.

• The industry has come a long ways and it will keep expanding as air travel increases.

• Airports are constantly having to expand their terminals and restructure their airfields.

• What new kind of airports will be developed next, or what an existing airport will look like in 20 years ?
Growth and Development of Airports
Important Organisations in Aviation
IATA (International Air Transport Association)
 IATA (International Air Transport Association)

• The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is an international industry trade group of airlines
headquartered in Montreal, Canada, where the International Civil Aviation Organization is also
headquartered.

• IATA was formed on 19 April1945, in Havana, Cuba.

• It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year
of the world’s first international scheduled services.

• At its founding, IATA had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America.

• Today (2022) it has about 288 members from almost every part of the world representing around 83%
of total air traffic.

• IATA support many areas of aviation activity and help formulate industry policy on critical aviation
issues.

• IATA has a presence in 56 cities in 53 countries.

 IATA (International Air Transport Association)
Role of IATA in Aviation

• IATA’s mission is to represent, lead, and serve the airline industry.

• Majority of the Airline rules and regulations are defined by IATA.

• The main aim of IATA is to provide safe and secure transportation to its passengers.

• The IATA’s mission includes three types of actions:

• representing the industry and lobbying governments and regulators;

• leading the industry by working with airlines to increase passenger convenience;

• and serving the industry by providing support with products and expert services.

• The Organization work benefits all industry stakeholders, such as simplifying the travel and shipping
process for consumers, and keeping governments informed about aviation industry complexities.
 IATA (International Air Transport Association)

Objectives of IATA

Its stated aims and objectives are as follows:

• To promote safe, regular and economical air transport for the benefit of the people of the world, to
foster air commerce and study the problems connected therewith

• To promote means for collaboration among air transport enterprises engaged directly or indirectly in
international air transport service

• To cooperate with ICAO and other international organisations There is always close association and
dialogue between ICAO and IATA.
 IATA (International Air Transport Association)
The main functions of the organization are

Safety

The main priority of the organization is to ensure the safety of aircraft and the air travelers. IATA has set up panels to
devise safety standards for the air carriers and professionals to ascertain that the rules are regulations are strictly
observed. These efforts by IATA ushered many improvements in terms of air travel safety and the number of air
accidents has been drastically reduced.

Security

The airplanes are prone to terrorism and hijack activities. After the mounting amounts of hijack cases and the
September 11 attacks, IATA has made stringent reforms and made provisions to tighten the security of airlines. The
system works on the basis of passenger differentiation and risk assessment.

Environment

Air travel contributes to the air pollution in a big way and it consumes tonnes of fuel. In wake of this IATA teamed up
with aircraft manufacturers to develop energy efficient, less polluting engines. These efforts were helpful in improving
the fuel efficiency to 1.5 per annum. The carbon emissions caused by aircraft engines were reduced and the
organization is now aiming for a 50% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050.
Services
 IATA (International Air Transport Association)

Apart from policy-making and regulatory services, IATA renders much training and consulting services. Here are some
services proffered by the organization to augment the standards of airlines and air travel:

• The organization issues accreditation for travel agents and travel professionals, differentiating them from
unauthorized or fraudulent travel agents and agencies

• The billing and settlement service of IATA runs a 300 billion financial system to monitor airline revenue.

• The TTBS or ticket tax box service is a database for airlines to manage the tax expenditure.

• IATA prescribes the syllabus and course structure for various travel and tourism courses. The IATA certification
helps students to enroll for industry approved and authentic courses. All the major airlines and travel organizations
only hire students who are trained in IATA courses.

• www.iata.org
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation)
 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation)

• The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, established in
1944 to manage the administration and governance of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago
Convention).

• The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) creates regulations for aviation safety, security, efficiency
and regularity and environmental protection.

• The ICAO laid the foundation for the standards and procedures for peaceful global air navigation.

• With 193 Member States and industrial groups, the ICAO works to reach a consensus on the Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPs) and policies for international civil aviation. The SARPs are important for a safe,
secure, efficient, environmentally responsible and economically sustainable civil aviation sector.

• These SARPs and policies are used by ICAO Member States to ensure that their local civil aviation operations and
regulations conform to global norms, which in turn permits more than 100,000 daily flights in aviation’s global
network to operate safely and reliably in every region of the world.
 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation)

Preamble of Chicago Convention:

• The Convention on International Civil Aviation set forth the purpose of ICAO:

• “WHEREAS the future development of international civil aviation can greatly help to create and preserve
friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world, yet its abuse can become a threat to the
general security; and

• “WHEREAS it is desirable to avoid friction and to promote that cooperation between nations and peoples upon
which the peace of the world depends;

• “THEREFORE, the undersigned governments having agreed on certain principles and arrangements in order that
international civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner and that international air transport
services may be established on the basis of equality of opportunity and operated soundly and economically;
 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation)

Major Objectives of ICAO :

Strengthening Civil Aviation Institutions

• Administrative organization and establishment of Civil Aviation Authority
• Civil aviation regulatory framework
• Economic and financial studies
• Support for the implementation of ICAO standards
• Development of civil aviation/airport master plans

Technology Transfer and Human Resources Development

• Services of international consultants and instructors
• Establishment and development of civil aviation training centres (CATCs)
• Human resources needs assessment
• Training needs assessment and training plans
• Training locally and abroad
• Training by equipment suppliers
 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation)

Major Objectives of ICAO :

Infrastructure and Services

• Aerodromes
• Air navigation systems and equipment
• Security systems and equipment
• Airport management systems
• Maintenance programmes
• Organization

Promotion of ICAO SARPs

• Promotion of uniform implementation of ICAO's Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs),
policies and procedures
• Projects implemented by TCB in compliance with standards developed by ICAO SARPs-compliant
technology guaranteed Provision for Remedial Action
• Implementation of appropriate remedial action addressing deficiencies identified in the civil aviation
working processes and infrastructure
• Meet both immediate and long-term requirements for training, equipment or expertise Development of
corrective action plans
• Preparation of audit-related project documents - Compliance with ICAO SARPs.
 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation)

Role and Responsibilities of ICAO in aviation industry:

• The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, flight
inspection, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil
aviation

• Each country should have an accessible Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), based on standards defined by
ICAO, containing information essential to air navigation. Countries are required to update their AIP manuals every
28 days and so provide definitive regulations, procedures and information for each country about airspace and
airports.

• ICAO defines an International Standard Atmosphere (also known as ICAO Standard Atmosphere), a model of the
standard variation of pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity with altitude in the Earth's atmosphere. This is
useful in calibrating instruments and designing aircraft

• ICAO is active in infrastructure management, including communication, navigation and surveillance / air traffic
management (CNS/ATM) systems, which employ digital technologies (like satellite systems with various levels of
automation) in order to maintain a seamless global air traffic management system.
 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation)
Role and Responsibilities of ICAO & IATA in aviation industry:

• Passport Standards - ICAO has published standards for machine-readable passports. Machine-readable passports
have an area where some of the information otherwise written in textual form is also written as strings of
alphanumeric characters, printed in a manner suitable for optical character recognition. This enables border
controllers and other law enforcement agents to process such passports more quickly, without having to enter the
information manually into a computer.

• A more recent standard covers biometric passports. These contain biometrics to authenticate the identity of
travellers. The passport's critical information is stored on a tiny RFID computer chip, much like information stored
on smart cards
 ICAO & IATA Responsibilities

Role and Responsibilities of ICAO & IATA in aviation industry:

• Airport Codes- An airport code is a three- or four-letter code used to identify a particular airport in documents
relating to passenger reservations and ticketing as well as flight timetables, luggage tags, air traffic control, and
other standard industry procedures.

• There are two main types of airport codes: IATA (International Air Transport Association) and ICAO (International
Civil Aviation Organization).

• IATA codes are three-letter codes used to refer to the majority of commercial airports worldwide. IATA codes are
also assigned to bus, rail, helicopter, and ferry terminals that codeshare with airlines for ticketing and baggage
transfers.

• The less common four-letter ICAO codes are used to refer to airports that haven’t been given an IATA code; they
are also used by air traffic control officials.
 ICAO & IATA Responsibilities
Role and Responsibilities of ICAO in aviation industry:

• Airport Codes- An airport code is a three- or four-letter code used to identify a particular airport in documents
relating to passenger reservations and ticketing as well as flight timetables, luggage tags, air traffic control, and
other standard industry procedures.

ICAO – Four Letter System

IATA – Three Letter System

 ICAO & IATA Responsibilities

Role and Responsibilities of ICAO & IATA in aviation industry:

• Airline Codes- Airline designators are abbreviated codes which are internationally recognized and used to identify
airlines, promote conformity, and facilitate business-to-business interaction. Airline designators are sometimes
called airline codes, designator codes, or simply designators.

• Most commonly, airline designators refer to those assigned by the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
On airline boards and tickets, usually these are coupled with the Flight Number, such as DL1234, where “DL” is
the designator for Delta Airlines, and 1234 is the flight number. Another popular database of airline designator
codes are compiled by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

• The IATA standard uses 2-digit abbreviations, such as AA for American Airlines. The ICAO standard uses 3-digit
abbreviations, such as AAL for American Airlines.
 ICAO & IATA Responsibilities
Role and Responsibilities of ICAO & IATA in aviation industry:

• Airline Codes- Airline designators are abbreviated codes which are internationally recognized and used to identify
airlines, promote conformity, and facilitate business-to-business interaction. Airline designators are sometimes
called airline codes, designator codes, or simply designators.
 ICAO & IATA Responsibilities

Role and Responsibilities of ICAO & IATA in aviation industry:

• Aircraft Registrations- An aircraft registration, alternatively called a tail number, is a code unique to a single
aircraft, required by international convention to be marked on the exterior of every civil aircraft. The registration
indicates the aircraft's country of registration, and functions much like an automobile license plate or a ship
registration. This code must also appear in its Certificate of Registration, issued by the relevant National Aviation
Authority (NAA).
 ICAO & IATA Responsibilities
Role and Responsibilities of ICAO & IATA in aviation industry:

• Aircraft Registration Codes

Airports Authority of India
 Airports Authority of India

• The Airports Authority of India or AAI is a statutory body, under the ownership of Directorate
General of Civil Aviation, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India.

• AAI manages 137 airports, which include 24 International Airports (including 3 International
Civil Enclaves), 10 Customs Airports (including 4 Customs Civil Enclaves), 80 Domestic
Airports and 23 Domestic Civil Enclaves at Defence airfields. AAI also provides Air Traffic
Management Services (ATMS) over entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas with
ground installations at all Airports and 25 other locations to ensure safety of Aircraft operations.

• AAI is also responsible in providing a range of services and facilities in majority of the airports
(including Private operated airports) across the country.
Airports Authority of India
 Airports Authority of India
Roles and Responsibilities of AAI
Passenger Facilities

The main functions of AAI inter-alia include construction, modification & management of passenger terminals,
development & management of cargo terminals, development & maintenance of apron infrastructure including
runways, parallel taxiways, apron etc., Provision of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance which includes
provision of DVOR / DME, ILS, ATC radars, visual aids etc., provision of air traffic services, provision of passenger
facilities and related amenities at its terminals thereby ensuring safe and secure operations of aircraft, passenger and
cargo in the country.
 Airports Authority of India
Roles and Responsibilities of AAI
Air Navigation Services

In tune with global approach to modernization of Air Navigation infrastructure for seamless navigation across state and
regional boundaries, AAI has been going ahead with its plans for transition to satellite based Communication,
Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management. A number of co-operation agreements and memoranda of co-
operation have been signed with US Federal Aviation Administration, US Trade & Development Agency, European
Union, Air Services Australia and the French Government Co-operative Projects and Studies initiated to gain from their
experience. Through these activities more and more executives of AAI are being exposed to the latest technology,
modern practices & procedures being adopted to improve the overall performance of Airports and Air Navigation
Services.
 Airports Authority of India
Roles and Responsibilities of AAI

Security

The continuing security environment has brought into focus the need for strengthening security of vital installations.
There was thus an urgent need to revamp the security at airports not only to thwart any misadventure but also to restore
confidence of traveling public in the security of air travel as a whole, which was shaken after 9/11 tragedy. With this in
view, a number of steps were taken including deployment of CISF for airport security, CCTV surveillance system at
sensitive airports, latest and state-of-the-art X-ray baggage inspection systems, premier security & surveillance
systems. Smart Cards for access control to vital installations at airports are also being considered to supplement the
efforts of security personnel at sensitive airports.

HRD Training

A large pool of trained and highly skilled manpower is one of the major assets of Airports Authority of India.
Development and Technological enhancements and consequent refinement of operating standards and procedures, new
standards of safety and security and improvements in management techniques call for continuing training to update the
knowledge and skill of officers and staff.
 Airports Authority of India
Roles and Responsibilities of AAI
IT Implementation

Information Technology holds the key to operational and managerial efficiency, transparency and employee
productivity. AAI initiated a programme to indoctrinate IT culture among its employees and this is most powerful tool
to enhance efficiency in the organization. AAI website with domain name www.airportsindia.org.in or www.aai.aero is
a popular website giving a host of information about the organization besides domestic and international flight
information of interest to the public in general and passengers in particular.

The functions of AAI are as follows:

1.Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of international and domestic airports and civil enclaves.
2.Control and Management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by
ICAO.
3.Construction, Modification and Management of passenger terminals.
4.Development and Management of cargo terminals at international and domestic airports.
5.Provision of passenger facilities and information system at the passenger terminals at airports.
6.Expansion and strengthening of operation area, viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway etc.
7.Provision of visual aids.
8.Provision of Communication and Navigation aids, viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar etc.
Open Sky Policy, Warsaw Convention and Chicago Convention
 Open Sky Policy
• In civil aviation, an Open Skies policy means liberalisation and ease of
access and rules of use of national airports for foreign airlines.

• Open sky refers to an agreement between two countries to allow any number
of airlines to fly from either of them without any restriction on number of
flights, number of destinations, number of seats, price and so on.

• However, this is a general definition.

• In actual practice, there are always some restrictions. Every country has their
own restrictions based on the type of agreement (Unilateral, Bilateral,
Multilateral).

• Open Sky Policy will helps to boost Tourism, Trade and Investments.

• If the country pursues the “open skies” policy, it should simplify as much as
possible the rules of use of its air space and airports, as well as minimise the
service costs related to the use of its airports.

• In majority of cases, the country pursuing such a liberal policy benefits from
it: the passenger flow through airports increases, the number of foreign
tourists arriving to the country increases, and the freight flow increases,
which sometimes contributes to the rise in domestic goods exports. Example for India
 Warsaw Convention

• The first treaty to address the rights and liabilities of the passengers and carriers was the Warsaw Convention of
1929, which had two primary goals: to establish worldwide uniform laws for claims arising out of international
aviation accidents and to limit the liability of the air carrier in order to protect the then fledgling airline industry from
the devastating effects of unlimited liability for air disasters.

• The primary articles relating to carrier liability for passenger injury or death under the Warsaw Convention are
articles 1, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28 and 29:

• article 1 sets forth the applicability and scope of the Warsaw Convention;
• article 17 creates a cause of action and the liability conditions for passenger death or bodily injury;
• article 20 provides that the carrier shall not be liable if it proves that it has taken ‘all necessary measures’ to avoid the
damage;
• article 21 contains a defence based on the contributory or comparative negligence of the passenger;
• article 22(1) limits the liability of a carrier for passenger injury or death to US$8,300 unless the injury or death was
proximately caused by the ‘wilful misconduct’ of the air carrier or its employees within the meaning of article 25 of
the Convention;
• article 24 renders the Warsaw Convention exclusive and refers the determination of damages to local law;

• Accident Investigations – Uniform Rules for transparency.

• Consumer Protection – Compensation for various issues (Delayed or cancelled flights, baggage loss or damage etc.
 Chicago Convention

• The Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago Convention, established the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a specialized agency of the UN charged with coordinating international air
travel.

• The Convention establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and safety, security, and sustainability, and details
the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel.

• The Convention also contains provisions pertaining to taxation.

• Convention on International Civil Aviation (also known as Chicago Convention), was signed on 7 December 1944 by
52 States including India. Thus, India is founding member of this convention.

• Freedoms of air is also an outcome of the Chicago Convention.

• The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country's airlines the privilege to enter and
land in another country's airspace.

• There are currently 9 freedoms of air.

 Chicago Convention

• There are currently 9 freedoms of air.

 Chicago Convention
• There are currently 9 freedoms of air.

• First Freedom of the Air: This allows airlines from Country A to fly through Country B’s airspace without landing.
For example, an IndiGo aircraft flying from Delhi to Dubai that flies over Pakistan and Iran.

• Second Freedom of the Air: This right allows airlines from Country A to land in Country B for purposes of
refueling, maintenance, etc. as long it doesn’t involve deplaning or enplaning of passengers. For example, an Air
India flight between Delhi and San Francisco last year was diverted to Japan for an emergency landing.

• Third Freedom of the Air: This allows airlines from Country A to bring passengers originating in Country A to
Country B. For example, the rights granted by India for British Airways and Virgin Atlantic to bring British
passengers to India and similarly, for the UK to have Jet Airways and Air India to transport Indian passengers to the
UK.

• Fourth Freedom of the Air: This allows airlines from Country A to bring passengers originating in Country B to
Country A. For example, the rights granted by India to British Airways and Virgin Atlantic to ferry passengers
originating from India and similarly, for UK to allow Jet Airways and Air India to pick up passengers from the UK.

• Fifth Freedom of the Air: This allows airlines from Country A to bring passengers between Country B and Country
C as long as the flight originates in Country A. For example, Air New Zealand, based in New Zealand, is allowed to
fly passengers between Los Angeles in USA and London in UK because the flight originates in Auckland (New
Zealand).
 Chicago Convention

• There are currently 9 freedoms of air.

• Sixth Freedom of the Air: This allows airlines from Country A to carry passengers between Countries B and C via
Country A. For example, British Airways would be allowed to carry passengers between India and the US via its UK
home.

• Seventh Freedom of the Air: This is similar to the Fifth Freedom, but it allows an airline from Country A to carry
passengers between Countries B and C without having it be an extension of a flight from Country A. For example,
Germany’s Lufthansa can operate flights between London and Paris, with no ongoing service to Germany.

• Eighth Freedom of the Air: This is called “consecutive cabotage,” and it allows an airline from Country A to carry
passengers between two points in Country B as long as the flight originates in Country A or a third Country C. Air
Canada could fly between Chicago and Los Angeles, both in the US, if the flight started in Canada or any other place
outside the US.

• Ninth Freedom of the Air: This one is usually referred to as “cabotage,” and it allows an airline from Country A to
carry passengers within Country B without restriction. For example, the EU has been pushing the US to allow
cabotage. This would allow EU airlines, like Lufthansa for example, the fly regular domestic routes in the US. As
you can imagine, this won’t be happening soon.