ENGINEERING

D R AW I N G
Module # 05
DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
 𝟎𝟓 −𝟎𝟐
TOLERANCING (PART A)
 Learning Objectives

• Students should be able to learn

1. Understand the concept and purpose of tolerance and limits.

2. Understand the concepts of fits and related terminology, like: nominal size, basic
size, allowance, clearance, interference etc.

3. Differentiate between 3 general types of fits: clearance, transition, and interference,

and their application.

4. Apply the concept of tolerance and limits to the design of fits.

5. Understand the difference and use of basic hole and basic shaft system.

6. Design different types of fits using ANSI B4.1 recommendations.

4
“Specifying Tolerance
Is Essential to
Ensuring that
Interchangeable Parts
Fit Together in
Assemblies”.

UNDERSTANDING
TOLERANCE
 Tolerances – Overview

• Interchangeable manufacturing requires effective size control by the designer

because, in mass production, all parts must fit together properly, regardless of where
they are made.

• For example, an automobile manufacturer might subcontract parts manufacturing to

other companies— both parts for new automobiles and replacement parts for repairs.

• All parts must be enough alike that each can fit properly in any assembly.

• The maximum acceptable amount that an actual part feature can vary from a
specified dimension is called tolerance.

6
 Tolerances – Overview

• Parts can be made to very precise dimensions, even to a few millionths of an inch or
thousandths of a millimeter—as in gage blocks—but highly accurate parts are
extremely expensive to produce and there is still some variation between the exact
dimension and the actual size of the part.

• Fortunately, perfectly exact sizes are not needed.

• The accuracy needed in a part depends on its function.

• Products with small variations in shape may fit together more precisely and command
higher prices.

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 Tolerances – Overview

• However, it would not be practical for all products to be manufactured to high

precision.
• For example,
– a manufacturer of children’s tricycles might go out of business if the parts were
made with jet engine accuracy—no one would be willing to pay the price.
• Tolerancing is an extension of dimensioning.
– It allows you to specify a range of accuracy for the shape, size, and position of every
feature of a product, so that the manufactured parts will fit together and function
properly when assembled.

8
 Tolerances – Overview

• To effectively provide tolerances in your drawings and CAD models, you must:

– Understand the fit required between mating parts.

– Have a clear picture of how inspection measurements are performed.

– Be able to apply tolerance symbols to a drawing or model.

– Apply functional tolerancing to individual part features.

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 Tolerance

• Tolerance is the total amount a specific dimension is

permitted to vary.

• Tolerances are specified so that any two mating parts will

fit together.

• To keep part cost low, specify a tolerance as large as

possible that still permits satisfactory function of the part.

• Tolerance can be stated several different ways on a drawing.

• One method of providing a tolerance is to specify the

dimension and give a plus or minus range after it.

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Tolerance

• Figure a shows an example of a bilateral

tolerance.

• A dimension given as 1.625 ± 0.002 means

that the manufactured part may be 1.627 or
1.623 or anywhere between these maximum
and minimum limit dimensions, as shown in
Figure b.

• The tolerance (the total amount the actual

part feature is allowed to vary from what is
specified) is 0.004.
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 Interchangeability History
• One of the great advantages of tolerances is that they allow for interchangeable parts,
thus permitting the replacement of individual parts, rather than having to replace an
entire system if only one part goes bad.
• For example, if a bearing wears out, the replacement bearing of the same
specifications will work in the system.
• In the 1800s, you could not buy a threaded bolt by itself; you had to buy a matched set
of bolt and nut because they were hand fitted together.
• All bolts and nuts were made in sets and not even the machinist who made them could
tell you the actual size of the threads!
• The inability to define the threads, using dimensioning, made interchangeable parts
impossible.

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 Interchangeability History
• In the early days of the Industrial Revolution, all parts were handmade and hand assembled.

• Each part of an assembly was adjusted, polished, cut, and shaped to fit perfectly with its mating part.

• A wagon wheel is a good example. The spokes, hub, and rim were cut to fit one wheel. The steel
hoop was hand fitted to the wheel and then heated and forced onto the rim.

• After cooling, the hoop would shrink and squeeze the entire assembly together. This was a precision
assembly, but it required very little measuring and virtually no communications because one person
made the whole assembly. In fact, the wagon smith made the entire wagon.

• In today’s manufacturing world, one company would make the hub, another would make the
spokes, and another would make the rim.

• The solution lies in dimensioning and tolerancing to make sure that the parts will fit together,
even though they are made by different companies.

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 Example

• Take a ballpoint pen that has a removable cap

and remove the cap.

• The cap is not too difficult to remove, yet it is

tight enough to stay on by itself.

• The cap represents an interchangeable part.

• Another cap like it will fit just as well.

• Now imagine you have a small business and you

are making these caps by hand.

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 Example

• If you had all of the pens on hand, you could polish the inside of each cap until it fit just
right.
• This is exactly how manufacturing was done 100 years ago.
• Each part was hand fitted to its mating part. The problems with such a “handmade”
system today are as follows:
a. There aren’t enough skilled machinists available.
b. You only get 3¢ each for the caps; they would cost $5.00 in labor.
c. No employee would do the work for more than a week; it would be very boring.
d. The pens may not be available because another company in another state might
make them.

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 Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Food for Thought

• How is a feature on an interchangeable part dimensioned?

– The feature is not dimensioned using a single value, but a range of values.

1.005
1.00 →
.994

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 Tolerancing / Interchangeability

• A tolerance is the amount of size variation permitted.

– You can choose a tolerance that specifies a large or small variation.

– The lower and upper allowable sizes are referred to as the limit dimensions, and
the tolerance is the difference between the limits.

Size limits = 1.005 Upper limit (largest value)

.994 Lower limit (smallest value)

Tolerance = 1.005 - .994 = .011

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 Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Food for Thought
• Why do we want a part’s size to be controlled by two limits?

– It is necessary because it is impossible to manufacture parts without some

variation.

– The stated limits are a form of quality control.

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 Tolerancing / Interchangeability

• Choosing the correct tolerance for a particular application depends on:

– The design intent (end use) of the part
– Cost
– How it is manufactured
– Experience

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 Tolerancing Standards

• Standards are needed to;

– Make it possible to manufacture parts at different times and in different places that
still assemble properly.

– Establish dimensional limits for parts that are to be interchangeable.

• The two most common standards agencies are;

– American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / (ASME)

– International Standards Organization (ISO).

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Tolerance Representation
21
 Tolerance Representation

• ASME standard Y14.5M–1994, ASME standard Y14.5–2009 is commonly used in

industries to specify tolerances on engineering drawings.
• Tolerances can be expressed in several ways:
– Direct limits, or as tolerance values applied directly to a dimension.
– Geometric tolerances.
– Notes referring to specific conditions.
– A general tolerance note in the title block.

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Tolerance Representation

Geometric tolerance system used to dimension parts

23
 Tolerance Representation
• General tolerances are given in a note or as part of the title block. A general tolerance
note would be similar to:
ALL DECIMAL DIMENSIONS TO
BE HELD TO .002”

ALL METRIC DIMENSIONS

TO BE HELD TO 0.05

ALL FRACTIONAL DIMENSIONS 1⁄64”

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

ALL ANGULAR TOLERANCES 1 DEGREE

24
 Types of Tolerances

• Tolerance dimensions can be displayed in several common formats:

a. Unilateral,
b. Bilateral, and
c. Limit dimensions.

Formats for tolerance dimensioning in millimeters and inches

25
 Unilateral

• The term “unilateral tolerance” means that the total tolerance, as related to a basic
dimension, is in one direction only.

• For example, if the basic dimension were 1 inch and the tolerance were expressed as
1.000 − 0.002, or as 1.000 + 0.002, these would be unilateral tolerances because the
total tolerance in each is in one direction.

• Another examples are shown in figure.

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 Bilateral Tolerances

• A bilateral tolerance is a tolerance in which variation is permitted

in both directions from the basic size
– Partly plus and partly minus

• Thus 1.000 +0.001 is an example of bilateral tolerance, because the

- 0.001
total tolerance of 0.002 is given in two directions—plus and
minus

• The tolerance can be equally or unequally distributed about the

basic size.

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 Limit Tolerances
• For this method, the high limit (maximum value) is placed above the low limit
(minimum value).
• When it is expressed in a single line, the low limit precedes the high limit and they are
separated by a dash.

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Limit Tolerances

29
 Types of Tolerances

A comparison of the tolerance methods.

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 Application of Tolerances
• According to common practice, tolerances are applied in such a way as to show the
permissible amount of dimensional variation in the direction that is less dangerous.

• When a variation in either direction is equally dangerous, a bilateral tolerance should

be given.

• When a variation in one direction is more dangerous than a variation in another, a

unilateral tolerance should be given in the less dangerous direction.

• On mating surfaces, with few exceptions, the tolerances should be unilateral.

• Where tolerances are required on the distances between holes, usually they should be
bilateral, as variation in either direction is normally equally dangerous.

• The variation in the distance between shafts carrying gears, however, should always be
unilateral and plus; otherwise, the gears might run too tight.
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TOLERANCE STACKING 32
 Tolerance Buildup Problems

• As a designer working with tolerance dimensions, one thing you must consider is the
buildup, or accumulation, of tolerances.
• When you are using tolerance dimensions, accumulation can occur in several ways.
• Tolerance Buildup with Chain, Baseline, and Direct Dimensioning
– Tolerance buildup, or accumulation, between features can be minimized depending
on the type of dimensioning used.

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 Chain Dimensioning
• Chain dimensioning usually yields the largest
accumulation of tolerance between features.
• The maximum variation or distance between features
is equal to the sum of the intermediate distances.
• In Figure, the total tolerance accumulation between
points X and Y is ±0.15.
• The distance between points X and Y is the sum of
three dimensions: 20±0.05 + 25±0.05 + 25±0.05.
• If all three dimensions are machined to their
maximum values, the result is 70.15.
• If they are machined to their minimum values, the
result is 69.85.

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 Baseline Dimensioning
• Baseline dimensioning can eliminate some of
the accumulation of tolerances.
• In this system, the maximum variation between
two features is the sum of the tolerances on the
two dimensions from their origin to the two
features.
• In Figure, the feature at X is located from the
baseline with a 25 ±0.05 dimension and the
feature at Y is located from the baseline with a 95
±0.05 dimension.

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 Baseline Dimensioning
• The tolerance buildup between the surfaces at X
and Y is ±0.1.
• The distance between points X and Y is the
difference between two dimensions: 95±0.05 -
25±0.05.
• If the 95±0.05 dimension is machined at its
maximum value and the 25±0.05 dimension is
machined at its minimum value, the result is 70.1.
• If the 95±0.05 dimension is machined at its
minimum value and the 25±0.05 dimension is
machined at its maximum value, the result is
69.9.
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 Direct Dimensioning
• Direct dimensioning offers the best way to
eliminate tolerance accumulation.
• This method involves placing a single dimension
between two key points to minimize the tolerance
accumulation.
• As shown in Figure, the total tolerance between
features X and Y is only the tolerance on the one
dimension between the two features.
• In this case, that tolerance is ±0.05.

37
Tolerancing
BASIC TERMINOLOGY
 Important
Terms
• Figure, shows a system of two
parts with tolerance dimensions.
• The two parts are an example of
ASME Y14.5M–1994 important
terms.

Figure 1 – Toleranced parts and the important terms

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 Important Terms

• Dimension
– is a geometrical characteristic such as diameter, length, angle, or center distance.

• Size
– is a designation of magnitude. When a value is assigned to a dimension, it is
referred to as the size of that dimension.

• Nominal size 
– is a size-number used to identify the physical size of a part in general terms.
– The slot in Figure 1 has a nominal size of 1⁄2’’.

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 Important Terms

• Basic size 
– is the exact size from which the limits are figured considering the allowances and
tolerances.
– It is the ideal dimension which is desired if it were possible to machine without
tolerances.
– An example would be the nominal size of ½” inches written as .500 inches when
applied to mating parts.

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 Important Terms
• Actual size
– the measured size of the finished part after machining. In Figure 1, the actual size is
.501.
• Limits
– the maximum and minimum sizes shown by the toleranced dimension.
– The slot in Figure 1 has limits of .502 and .498, and the mating part has limits
of .495 and .497.
– The larger value for each part is the
upper limit, and the smaller value is
the lower limit.

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 Important Terms
• Tolerance
– the total allowable variance in a dimension; the difference between the upper and
lower limits.
– The tolerance of the slot in Figure 1 is .004 (.502 – .498 = .004) and the tolerance of the
mating part is .002 (.497 – .495 = .002).

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 Important Terms
• Least material condition (LMC)
– the condition of a part when it contains
the least amount of material possible.
– The LMC of an external feature is the
lower limit.
– The LMC of an internal feature is the
upper limit.

Maximum and minimum material

conditions for a shaft

44
 Important Terms
• Maximum material condition (MMC)

– the condition of a part when it contains the greatest

amount of material.
– The MMC of an external feature, such as a shaft, is
the upper limit.
– The MMC of an internal feature, such as a hole, is
the lower limit.

Maximum and minimum material

conditions for a hole

45
 Important Terms
• Allowance
– the minimum clearance or maximum
interference between parts, or the tightest fit
between two mating parts.
– In Figure 1, the allowance is .001, meaning that
the tightest fit occurs when the slot is machined
to its smallest allowable size of .498 and the
mating part is machined to its largest allowable
size of .497.
– The difference between .498 and .497, or .001, is
the allowance.

46
 Material Condition Symbols

• The two symbols used for material conditions are shown in Figure.
• The maximum material condition (MMC) symbol is an M, and the least material
condition (LMC) is an L.
• LMC is the opposite of MMC; it refers to a shaft that is at its smallest or a hole that is at its
largest.
• Another material condition that does not have a symbol is regardless of feature size (RFS).
– RFS requires that the condition of the material not be considered. This is used where a
tolerance is specified and the actual size of the controlled feature is not considered
when applying the tolerance.

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 Exercise

• Fill in the following table.

Shaft Hole
MMC
LMC
48
 Exercise

• Fill in the following table.

Shaft Hole
MMC .51 .49
LMC
49
 Exercise

• Fill in the following table.

Shaft Hole
MMC .51 .49
LMC .47 .50
50
 Inch Tolerances Definitions

• Maximum Clearance: The maximum amount of space that can exist between the hole
and the shaft.

– Max. Clearance = LMChole – LMCshaft

• Minimum Clearance (Allowance): The minimum amount of space that can exist
between the hole and the shaft.

– Min. Clearance = MMChole – MMCshaft

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 Exercise

• Fill in the following table.

Max. Clearance
Min. Clearance

52
 Exercise

• Fill in the following table.

Max. Clearance .50 - .47 = .03

Min. Clearance

53
 Exercise

• Fill in the following table.

Max. Clearance .50 - .47 = .03

Min. Clearance .49 - .51 = -.02

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 Exercise

• What does a negative clearance mean?

Max. Clearance .50 - .47 = .03

Min. Clearance .49 - .51 = -.02

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 Exercise

• Fill in the following table.

Shaft Hole
Limits 0.9975 0.9963 1 1.002
Basic Size
Tolerance
MMC
LMC
Max. Clearance
Min. Clearance

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 Exercise – Solution

• Fill in the following table.

Shaft Hole
Limits 0.9975 0.9963 1 1.002
Basic Size 1
Tolerance 0.0012 0.002
MMC 0.9975 1
LMC 0.9963 1.002
Max. Clearance 0.0057
Min. Clearance 0.0025

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TYPES AND
DESIGN OF
FITS

58
Basic Hole System vs.
Basic Shaft System

• Basic Hole System:

• basic hole system is a system of fits

in which the design size of the hole
is the basic size and the allowance, if
any, is applied to the shaft.

59
Basic Hole System vs.
Basic Shaft System

• Basic Shaft System:

– A basic shaft system is a system of
fits in which the design size of the
shaft is the basic size and the
allowance, if any, is applied to the
hole.

When several parts fit to a single shaft, tolerances

may be based on the shaft size.
60
 Types of Fits – In General

• A fit may be defined as the degree of tightness and looseness between two mating
parts.

61
 Types of Fits – In General
• Clearance Fit: A clearance fit is one having limits of size so specified that a clearance
always results when mating parts are assembled (Min. Clearance > 0).
– Permit relative freedom of motion between a shaft and a hole—axially, radially, or
both.
• Such fits give loose joint.

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Clearance Fit

63
 Types of Fits – In General
• Interference Fit: An interference fit is one having limits of size so specified that an
interference always results when mating parts are assembled.
– Secure a certain amount of tightness between parts, whether these are meant to
remain permanently assembled or to be taken apart from time to time.
– Or two parts may be required to fit together snugly—without apparent tightness or
looseness.
• A negative difference between diameter of the hole and the shaft is called interference
(Max. Clearance  0).
• In such cases, the diameter of the shaft is always larger than the hole diameter.

64
Interference Fit

65
 Types of Fits – In General
• Transition Fit: A transition fit is one having limits of size so specified that either a
clearance or an interference may result when mating parts are assembled
• Transition fits are a compromise between clearance and interference fits.

• Max. Clearance > 0

• Min. Clearance < 0

66
Transition Fit

67
 Exercise

• From everyday life, list some examples of clearance and interference fits.

Fit Example
Clearance

Interference

68
 Exercise

• From everyday life, list some examples of clearance and interference fits.

Fit Example
Clearance Lock and Key
Door and Door frame
Coin and Coin slot

Interference Pin in a bicycle chain

Hinge pin
Wooden peg and hammer toy
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 ANSI Standard Fits

• Tables 8a through 12 inclusive show a series of standard types and classes of

fits on a unilateral hole basis, such that the fit produced by mating parts in
any one class will produce approximately similar performance throughout the
range of sizes.

• These tables prescribe the fit for any given size, or type of fit; they also
prescribe the standard limits for the mating parts that will produce the fit.

70
 ANSI Standard Fits

• Selection of Fits
• In selecting limits of size for any application, the type of fit is determined
first, based on the use or service required from the equipment being designed;

• Then the limits of size of the mating parts are established, to insure that the
desired fit will be produced.

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 ANSI Standard Fits
Designation of Standard Fits
• Standard fits are designated by means of the following letter symbols which facilitate
reference to classes of fit for educational purposes.
• The classes of fits are arranged in three general groups:
1. RC = Running and Sliding Clearance Fits
2. Locational Fits
i. LC = Locational Clearance Fits
ii. LT = Locational Transition (Clearance or Interference) Fits
iii. LN = Locational Interference Fits
3. FN = Force and Shrink Fits

72
 ANSI Standard Fits

• These letter symbols are used in conjunction with numbers representing the class of
fit; thus FN 4 represents a Class 4, force fit.
• Each of these symbols (two letters and a number) represents a complete fit for which
the minimum and maximum clearance or interference and the limits of size for the
mating parts are given directly in the tables.

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Fits Summary Table

74
RC—
Running and Sliding Fits
 1. RC—Running and Sliding Fits

• Running and sliding fits, for which limits of clearance are given in Table 8a, are
intended to provide a similar running performance, with suitable lubrication
allowance, throughout the range of sizes

• Further designated as RC 1 to RC 9, with the closest fit being RC1 progressing to the

more open running fit RC9, [RC9 (loosest) – RC1 (tightest)],

76
1. RC—Running and Sliding Fits

77
 1. RC—Running and Sliding Fits:
Example 01
• A 2-in shaft and bushing are to operate with a class 4 running fit. Make drawing
of the bushing and shaft and do an analysis of the allowances.

78
 Solution
• This table has been extracted from American National Standard Running and Sliding
Fits ANSI B4.1-1967 (R1999)
• The nominal size is 2 inches; The basic hole size is 2.000 inches
• It should be noted that the tables read in thousandths of a inch
– Therefore 1.8 is written as 0.0018; 0.7 is written as 0.0007

79
 Solution…
The use of these numbers from Table 8a  is as follows (we have a 2-in. nominal size and RC4 is the class of fit):
1. The basic size of 2.0000 in is found in the nominal size range column under 1.97-3.15 inches
2. Move to the right to the column RC4
3. From the standard tolerance limits column under the heading "hole" apply the tolerances as

2.0000 +0.0018

- 0.0000

4. From the column headed “shaft” apply the clearance as indicated

2.0000 – 0.0012 = 1.9988 in.

5. Apply the tolerances from the "shaft" column 2.4 - 1.2 = 1.2

+0.0000

1.9988 - 0.0012

80
 Solution…
• Therefore, in Table 8a (American National Standard Running and Sliding Fits) a
combination of the smallest bushing and the largest shaft sizes will produce the
minimum clearance,
• Whereas the largest bushing and the smallest shaft sizes will produce the maximum
clearance. The plus sign indicates clearance, the negative sign indicates interference.
Minimum Clearance Maximum Clearance
Smallest bushing (MMC) 2.0000 Largest bushing (LMC) 2.0018
Largest shaft (MMC) 1.9988 Smallest shaft (LMC) 1.9976
Minimum clearance +0.0012 Maximum clearance + 0.0042

81
 1. RC—Running and Sliding Fits:
Example 02
• A Class RC 1 fit is to be used in assembling a mating hole and shaft
of 2-inch nominal diameter. This class of fit was selected because
the application required accurate location of the parts with no
perceptible play (see Description of Fits, RC 1 close sliding fits).
From the data in Table 8a, establish the limits of size and clearance
of the hole and shaft.

Minimum Clearance Maximum Clearance

Smallest hole (MMC) 2.0000 Largest hole (LMC) 2.0005
Largest shaft (MMC) 1.9996 Smallest shaft (LMC) 1.9993
Minimum clearance +0.0004 Maximum clearance + 0.0012

Draw the hole and shaft and mention the tolerances.

This table has been extracted from
American National Standard Running and
Sliding Fits ANSI B4.1-1967 (R1999)
82
 1. RC—Running and Sliding Fits:
Example 03
• Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits for both the hole
and the shaft.
– Use the ANSI limits and fit tables.

83
 Find this page

Basic size = .5
Fit = RC8

84
 1. RC—Running and Sliding Fits:
Example 03
• Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits for both the hole
and the shaft.

– Standard Limits Hole = +2.8 0

– Standard Limits Shaft = -3.5 -5.1

• These are the values that we add/subtract from the basic size to obtain the limits.

85
 1. RC—Running and Sliding Fits:
Example 03
• Hole Limits = .50 - 0 = .5000
.50 + .0028 = .5028

• Shaft Limits = .50 - .0035 = .4965

.50 - .0051 = .4949

86
MILLING JACK ASSEMBLY
TOLERANCES
 Milling Jack assembly

• Consider the Milling Jack assembly shown.

– Notice that there are many parts that fit into

or around other parts.

– Each of these parts is toleranced to ensure

proper fit and function.

88
The V-Anvil fits into the Sliding Screw with a RC4
fit. The basic size is .375 (3/8). Determine the
limits for both parts.

89
The V-Anvil fits into the Sliding Screw with a RC4 fit. The
basic size is .375 (3/8). What are the limits?

.3750 - .3759

.3739 - .3745

90
The Sliding Screw fits into the Base with a
RC5 fit. The basic size is .625 (5/8).
Determine the limits for both parts.

91
The Sliding Screw fits into the Base with a RC5 fit. The
basic size is .625 (5/8). What are the limits?
.625 - .626

.6231 - .6238
92
2. Locational Fits (LC, LT,
and LN)
 2. Locational Fits (LC, LT, and LN)

• Locational fits are fits intended to determine only the location of the mating parts.
• Primarily for stationary assemblies.
• They may provide rigid or accurate location, as with interference fits, or provide some
freedom of location, as with clearance fits.
• Accordingly, they are divided into three groups:
i. locational clearance fits (LC),
ii. locational transition fits (LT), and
iii. locational interference fits (LN)

94
2. Locational Fits (LC, LT, and LN)

95
 i. Locational Clearance Fits (LC)

• Locational Clearance Fits are those which have their tolerances applied to the hole
and shaft sizes in such a way that any combination of mating sizes produces a
clearance allowance between the two parts.  

• They are intended for stationary assemblies which can be freely assembled or

disassembled.

• Further designated from LC1 to LC11.

96
 i. Locational Clearance Fits (LC): Example

• A 2 in. bushing and locator pin are to assemble so that two parts are in alignment. The

fit is a class 4 locational clearance.
• Draw the bushing and pin, insert the appropriate dimensions and tolerances, and do an
analysis of the allowances.

97
 Solution

• The table 9a has been extracted from American National Standard Clearance
Locational Fits ANSI B4.1-1967 (R1999)

98
 Solution…
• The analysis of this class of fits produces the following
• A combination of the smallest bushing and the largest pin will produce no allowance;
• Whereas the largest bushing in combination with the smallest pin will create a
maximum clearance
Minimum Clearance Maximum Clearance
Smallest bushing (MMC) 2.000 Largest bushing (LMC) 2.0045
Largest pin (MMC) 2.000 Smallest pin (LMC) 1.9970
Minimum clearance 0.000 Maximum clearance + 0.0075

99
 ii. Locational Transition Fits (LT)

• Locational Transition Fits (LT) are those which result after the tolerances have been
applied to the mating parts and which produce either a clearance or an interference
between them upon assembly.

• This class is used where greater accuracy in assembly is needed, but either a small

amount of clearance or interference is permissible.

• Further designated from LT1 to LT6.

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 ii. Locational Transition Fits (LT):
Example

• A 2 in. shaft and bushing are to provide for selective assembly. 
• The fit is a class 4 transition. 
• Draw the shaft and the bushing, insert the dimensions and tolerances, and do an
analysis.

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 Solution

• Table 10 has been extracted from ANSI Standard Transition Locational Fits ANSI B4.1-

1967 (R1999)

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 Solution…

• As shown in figure, a combination of the smallest hole and the largest shaft sizes will
produce an interference fit;
• Whereas the combination of the largest hole and the smallest shaft sizes will produce a
clearance fit.
• The negative sign indicates an interference.
Interference allowance Clearance allowance
Smallest hole (MMC) 2.0000 Largest hole (LMC) 2.0018
Largest shaft (MMC) 2.0013 Smallest shaft (LMC) 2.0001
Interference - 0.0013 Clearance + 0.0017

103
 iii. Locational Interference Fits (LN)

• Interference fits (LN) are those which result after the tolerances have been
applied to mating parts and which always produce an interference when they are
assembled no matter which combination of hole and shaft is sizes are selected.

• These are used where accuracy of locating one part with another is of primary
importance.

• Again, it is not intended to be a fit which will transmit motion.

• Further designated from LN1 to LN3.

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 iii. Locational Interference Fits (LN):
Example

• A 2 in. key is to fit a slot in a fixture in order to locate a positioning block.
Under no conditions is the block to transmit motion, yet it must assemble
with a slight interference. 
• A Class 2 fit is prescribed. 
• Draw the slot and key and dimension them.
• Make an analysis of the allowances.

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 Solution

• Table 12 has been extracted from ANSI Standard Interference Location Fits ANSI B4.1-1967

(R1999)

106
 Solution…

• Figure below shows the tolerances and the allowance applied to a slot and a key.
• An analysis shows the following:
– A combination of the smallest slot and the largest key sizes will produce the
tightest interference allowance; Whereas the combination of the largest slot and
the smallest key sizes will produce the smallest interference allowance

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 Solution…

Maximum interference Minimum interference

Smallest slot (MMC) 2.0000 Largest slot (LMC) 2.0012
Largest key (MMC) 2.0021 Smallest key (LMC) 2.0014
Max. Interference - 0.0021 Min. interference - 0.0002

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3. Force and Shrink Fits
(FN)
 3. Force and Shrink Fits (FN)

• Force and shrink fits constitute a special type of interference fit, normally
characterized by maintenance of constant bore pressures throughout the range of
sizes.

• The interference therefore varies almost directly with diameter, and the difference
between its minimum and maximum value is small, to maintain the resulting pressures
within reasonable limits.

• FN1 through FN5 produce a series of force or shrink fits.

• Each series produces its own characteristic pressures throughout a particular series.

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3. Force and Shrink Fits (FN)

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 3. Force and Shrink Fits (FN): Example

• A 2-in. rod is to be assembled with a bushing by heating the bushing. 
• A Class 4 fit is recommended. 
• Draw the rod and bushing, dimension them.
• Do an analysis of the allowances.

112
 Solution
• Table 11 has been extracted from  ANSI Standard Force and Shrink Fits ANSI B4.1-1967
(R1999)

113
 Solution…

• Figure on next slide shows the tolerances and the allowance applied to the bushing and
rod. An analysis will produce the following results
• A combination of the smallest hole and the largest rod sizes will produce the maximum
interference;  
• Whereas a combination of the largest hole and the smallest rod sizes will produce the
minimum interference.

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 Solution…

Maximum interference Minimum interference

Smallest hole (MMC) 2.0000 Largest hole (LMC) 2.0012
Largest rod (MMC) 2.0042 Smallest rod (LMC) 2.0035
Max. Interference - 0.0042 Min. interference - 0.0023

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THANK YOU!
for your attention

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