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MCB 305 Enzyme and Enzyme Kinetics FUNAAB Powerpoint Template 1-2

The document discusses microbial physiology and biochemistry, specifically enzymes and enzyme kinetics. It explains that biochemical reactions require enzymes to occur and outlines factors that affect enzyme activity like temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors. Metabolic pathways involve multiple enzyme-catalyzed reactions to produce end products, and feedback inhibition regulates pathway activity based on end product levels.

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27 views14 pages

MCB 305 Enzyme and Enzyme Kinetics FUNAAB Powerpoint Template 1-2

The document discusses microbial physiology and biochemistry, specifically enzymes and enzyme kinetics. It explains that biochemical reactions require enzymes to occur and outlines factors that affect enzyme activity like temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors. Metabolic pathways involve multiple enzyme-catalyzed reactions to produce end products, and feedback inhibition regulates pathway activity based on end product levels.

Uploaded by

Phoebe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

MCB 305/ MICROBIOLOGY

LECTURE SERIES BY DR. T.M. ADELEYE

SERIES II ON ENZYME AND ENZYME


KINETICS

1
Biochemical Reactions
All living cells depend on biochemical reactions to maintain homeostasis.

All of the biochemical reactions in an organism are collectively referred to as


metabolism, which is of 2 basic types:

1) catabolic: reactions that “break down” molecules


• generally energy releasing or exergonic

2) anabolic:reactions that build new molecules


• generally energy requiring or endergonic

**exergonic reactions provide energy for endergonic ones!**


endergonic

exergonic

All organisms, prokaryotic or eukaryotic, need to build the


molecules they need, and find the energy to do so!
Metabolic Pathways
Most biochemical reactions are part of a series of
reactions referred to as a metabolic pathway:
• it usually takes multiple reactions to make an
“end-product”
• pathways can be either catabolic or anabolic
• each reaction is catalyzed by its own enzyme

5
Enzyme Basics
Almost all biochemical reactions are catalyzed by a specific enzyme:

• Enzymes are proteins that accelerate the rate of a reaction


without being changed themselves

• They lower the activation energy (Ea)

• The need for enzymes provides a way to control or regulate


biochemical reactions

• These reactions won’t occur unless the enzyme that


catalyzes the reaction is present & active
7
8
Enzymes physically bind Substrates
Control of Enzyme Activity
Biochemical reactions can be controlled by changes in
enzyme activity, which can be influenced in several ways:

1) Changes in the amount of enzyme or substrate


• more enzyme &/or more substrate = more product!

2) Changes in temperature, pH or [salt]


• can effect enzyme structure, hence its activity

3) Availability of any necessary cofactors


• some enzymes don’t work w/o a non-protein cofactor

4) Effect of inhibitors
• molecules that bind to enzymes & reduce their activity
Factors effecting Enzyme Activity

Temperature pH [Substrate]
• reactions occur • enzyme structure • reactions occur
more rapidly as depends on pH more rapidly as
temperature rises [substrate] rises
**as long as enzyme **pH affects charge **saturation occurs
is active (heat can of “R groups”, when [substrate] is
denature enzymes) protein structure high enough
Enzyme Denaturation
• enzymes are polypeptides that retain their ability to
function only when folded properly
• changes in temperature, pH or [salt] can disrupt
amino acid “R group” interactions causing the
protein to unfold, i.e. become denatured

**mutations can also lead to misfolded, non-functional enzymes**


Some Enzymes Require Cofactors

• can be a metal ion, vitamin, or other “non-protein”


• if the cofactor is organic, it is called a coenzyme
• enzyme is inactive w/o cofactor
Feedback Inhibition
The end-products of metabolic
pathways
are important reversible
enzyme inhibitors

• inhibit 1st enzyme in pathway, turning the


pathway “off”

low [inhibitor] = pathway ON high


[inhibitor] = pathway OFF

• can be competitive or allosteric


inhibition

• provide an important way of regulating


end-product levels

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