18ECO127T-5G Technology-An

Overview

UNIT-I
Unit 1
• Unit 1: Introduction to Wireless Communication Fundamentals and 5G Technology
• Wireless Communication Fundamentals: Overview of Wireless Communication Systems;
Frequency Bands and Spectrum Allocation in 5G; Multiple Access Techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA;
Modulation Techniques: QPSK, QAM, OFDM
•  
• Introduction to 5G Technology: Evolution of Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G; Key Features and
Objectives of 5G; 5G Use Cases and Applications; Challenges and Opportunities in 5G Deployment
Overview of Wireless Communication system

• Wireless communication involves the transmission of information

over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of
electrical conductors.
• Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all
procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two
or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless
communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication

• The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its
effective features.
• The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a
television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio
communication).
• Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the
internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
• Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage
door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio
receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.
Wireless - Advantages

• Wireless communication involves transfer of information without any physical connection between two or more points. Because of this absence
of any 'physical infrastructure', wireless communication has certain advantages. This would often include collapsing distance or space.
• Wireless communication has several advantages; the most important ones are discussed below −
• Cost effectiveness
• Wired communication entails the use of connection wires. In wireless networks, communication does not require elaborate physical
infrastructure or maintenance practices. Hence the cost is reduced.
• Example − Any company providing wireless communication services does not incur a lot of costs, and as a result, it is able to charge cheaply
with regard to its customer fees.
• Flexibility
• Wireless communication enables people to communicate regardless of their location. It is not necessary to be in an office or some telephone
booth in order to pass and receive messages.
• Miners in the outback can rely on satellite phones to call their loved ones, and thus, help improve their general welfare by keeping them in touch
with the people who mean the most to them.
• Convenience
• Wireless communication devices like mobile phones are quite simple and therefore allow anyone to use them, wherever they may be. There is
no need to physically connect anything in order to receive or pass messages.
• Example − Wireless communications services can also be seen in Internet technologies such as Wi-Fi. With no network cables hampering
movement, we can now connect with almost anyone, anywhere, anytime.
Wireless - Advantages
Speed
• Improvements can also be seen in speed. The network connectivity or accessibility was much
improved in accuracy and speed.
Accessibility
• The wireless technology helps easy accessibility as the remote areas where ground lines can’t
be properly laid, are being easily connected to the network.
• Example − In rural regions, online education is now possible. Educators no longer need to
travel to far-flung areas to teach their lessons. Thanks to live streaming of their educational
modules.
Constant connectivity
• Constant connectivity also ensures that people can respond to emergencies relatively quickly.
• Example − A wireless mobile can ensure you a constant connectivity though you move from
place to place or while you travel, whereas a wired land line can’t.
Disadvantages of Wireless Communication

• Even though wireless communication has a number of advantages over wired communication, there are a
few disadvantages as well. The most concerning disadvantages are Interference, Security, and Health.
• Interference
• Wireless Communication systems use open space as the medium for transmitting signals. As a result,
there is a huge chance that radio signals from one wireless communication system or network might
interfere with other signals.
• The best example is Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (WLAN). Both these technologies use the 2.4GHz frequency for
communication and when both of these devices are active at the same time, there is a chance of
interference.
• Security
• One of the main concerns of wireless communication is the Security of the data. Since the signals are
transmitted in open space, it is possible that an intruder can intercept the signals and copy sensitive
information.
• Health Concerns
• Continuous exposure to any type of radiation can be hazardous. Even though the levels of RF energy that
can cause the damage are not accurately established, it is advised to avoid RF radiation to the maximum.
Basic Elements of a Wireless Communication System

• A typical Wireless Communication System can be divided

into three elements:
• The Transmitter
• The Channel
• The Receiver
The Transmission Path

• A typical transmission path of a Wireless Communication System consists of Encoder,

Encryption, Modulation and Multiplexing.
• The signal from the source is passed through a Source Encoder, which converts the signal
into a suitable form for applying signal processing techniques.
• The redundant information from the signal is removed in this process in order to maximize
the utilization of resources.
• This signal is then encrypted using an Encryption Standard so that the signal and the
information are secured and don’t allow any unauthorized access.
• Channel Encoding is a technique that is applied to the signal to reduce the impairments like
noise, interference, etc. During this process, a small amount of redundancy is introduced to
the signal so that it becomes robust against noise.
• Then the signal is modulated using a suitable Modulation Technique (like PSK, FSK, and QPSK
etc.) , so that the signal can be easily transmitted using an antenna.
• The modulated signal is then multiplexed with other signals using different Multiplexing
Techniques like Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) or Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) to
share the valuable bandwidth.
The Channel

• The channel in Wireless Communication indicates the

medium of transmission of the signal i.e. open space.
• A wireless channel is unpredictable and also highly variable
and random in nature.
• A channel may be subject to interference, distortion, noise,
scattering, etc. and the result is that the received signal may
be filled with errors.
The Reception Path

• The job of the Receiver is to collect the signal from the channel and reproduce it
as the source signal.
• The reception path of a Wireless Communication System comprises
Demultiplexing, Demodulation, Channel Decoding, Decryption, and Source
Decoding.
• The signal from the channel is received by the Demultiplexer and is separated
from other signals.
• The individual signals are demodulated using appropriate Demodulation
Techniques and the original message signal is recovered. The redundant bits
from the message are removed using the Channel Decoder.
• Since the message is encrypted, Decryption of the signal removes the security
and turns it into a simple sequence of bits. Finally, this signal is given to the
Source Decoder to get back the original transmitted message or signal.
Types of Wireless Communication Systems

• Today, people need Mobile Phones for many things like talking, internet, multimedia etc. All these services must be made
available to the user on the go i.e. while the user is mobile. With the help of these wireless communication services, we can
transfer voice, data, videos, images etc.
• Wireless Communication Systems also provide different services like video conferencing, cellular telephone, paging, TV, Radio
etc. Due to the need for variety of communication services, different types of Wireless Communication Systems are
developed. Some of the important Wireless Communication Systems available today are:
• Television and Radio Broadcasting
• Satellite Communication
• Radar
• Mobile Telephone System (Cellular Communication)
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Infrared Communication
• WLAN (Wi-Fi)
• Bluetooth
• ZigBee
• Paging
• Cordless Phones
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Digital vs. Analog Communications
• Analog and Digital Signals
• Messages are digital or analog. Digital messages are constructed with a
finite number of symbols. For example, a text file is a digital message
constructed from 50 symbols, consisting of 26 letters, 10 numbers, a
space, and several punctuation marks. Similarly, a Morse-coded
telegraph is a binary message, implying only two symbols – mark and
space.
• Analog Messages are characterized by data whose values vary over a
continuous range. For example, a speech waveform has amplitudes that
vary over a continuous range. A picture is also an analog message.
Digital vs. Analog Communications
Noise immunity of digital signals – digital data can be recovered without any error as
long as the distortion and noise are within limits. On the other hand, for an analog
message, even a slight distortion or interference in the waveform will cause an error in
the received signal.
• Regenerative repeaters––Based on this “noise immunity”, when transporting a bit
stream over a long distance, regenerative repeaters or repeater stations are placed
along the path of a digital system at distances short enough to ensure that noise and
distortion remain within a limit. The viability of regenerative repeaters is the main
reason for the superiority of digital systems over analog ones. „
• Every possible communication can be carried on with a minimum of two symbols, i.e.,
by using a proper binary sequence. In the last 20 years, digital communication
gradually replace its analog competitors, and the revolution is now nearly complete.
Types of Wireless networks
• PAN (Personal Area Network)
• It is the smallest network of computers.
• Bluetooth or other infrared-enabled devices could be used to connect devices.
• It has a 10-metre range of connectivity.
• It can cover up to 30 feet in diameter.
• PAN network enables a single person's personal devices to connect with each other.
Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) are the connection networks
created by combining wireless technologies like WiFi and Bluetooth. It is a network with a short range.
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) are wireless networks that use
radio waves, not Bluetooth technology like WPANs.
• There is usually at least one cable that is the access point for
internet access, such as a wired internet connection going into a
router, which then broadcasts the wireless signal to other devices.
WLANs are used for connecting to local resources and to the
internet.
• The range can be confined to a single room or home or spread
across an entire building or campus with the use of spread-
spectrum or OFDM technologies
Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN) can be maintained over large
areas, such as cities or countries, via multiple satellite systems,
antenna sites, or mobile phone signals.
With a wide coverage area, WWANs provide a way to stay connected
when other forms of network access are unavailable. 
• Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) connect several
different WLANs in a metropolitan area, such as different buildings
in a city.
 Wireless v/s Wired networks
• Regulations of frequencies
• Limited availability, coordination is required
• useful frequencies are almost all occupied
• Bandwidth and delays
• Low transmission rates
• few Kbits/s to some Mbit/s.
• Higher delays
• several hundred milliseconds
• Higher loss rates
• susceptible to interference, e.g., engines, lightning
• Always shared medium
• Lower security, simpler active attacking
• radio interface accessible for everyone
• secure access mechanisms important

Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 23

5G- frequency bands and spectrum allocation
• 5G cellular technology represents a massive leap forward for wireless
mobile communications. In terms of data rates, security and latency,
5G far surpasses previous generations of communication platforms:  
• 4G (LTE, LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, WiMax)  
• 3G (UMTS, WCDMA, CDMA, 1xEV-DO) 
• 2G (GSM, GPRS, CDMA, 1xRTT) 
5G- frequency bands and spectrum allocation
Low-, Mid- and High-Band 5G Spectrum Frequencies and Their Allocations
• Low-Band Spectrum
• Low-band spectrum is “sub” 1 GHz spectrum. U.S carriers primarily use low-
band spectrum for 3G and LTE. It provides consumers with a broad coverage
area and good building penetration, but data speeds peak around 100 Mbps. 
• Operators will reclaim this spectrum for 5G in the coming years with
concluded 3G sunsets. 
• According to Digital Trends, T-Mobile is the leading player in the low-band
spectrum space. The operator bought a large block of 600 MHz (i.e., Band
n71 in 5G) spectrum during FCC auctions in 2017. 
 • Low-, Mid- and High-Band 5G Spectrum Frequencies and Their
Allocations
• Mid-Band Spectrum
• This spectrum between 1 and 6 GHz provides faster throughput and lower
latency than the low-band spectrum. As Digital Trends notes, mid-band
transmissions are less suitable for building penetration.  
• However, peak speeds can reach as high as 1 Gbps and provide more
capacity to the network. 4G and 5G standards use this spectrum. Mid-
band spectrum is the foremost 5G coverage and capacity contributor. 
• To do this, mobile operators apply multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO)
technology to the 5G deployment. MIMO groups several antennas at one
cell tower, creating multiple radio links to each mobile device. 
 Low-, Mid- and High-Band 5G Spectrum Frequencies and Their
Allocations
High-Band Spectrum
• High-band spectrum enables speeds in the tens of Gbps range at even lower latency. However, the high-
band coverage area is limited and has poor building and rain penetration. It’s considered as line-of-sight
for practical purposes. 
• For mm Wave mobile devices to work, the cell and the mobile device must use new antenna technology
that can dynamically steer and form the radio beam to and from the cell tower. Steering and forming are
done through power modulation and interferometry to and from tightly packed antenna module arrays.
These modules are small because the signal is in the millimeter wavelength spectrum. 
• Mm Wave is fundamental to achieving 5G speed and latency targets. Therefore, major
telecommunication companies are developing the technology to address these propagation challenges. 
• As 5G starts rolling out in the high-band spectrum, carriers will piggyback off 5G FR1 and LTE while
overlaying the infrastructure to support 5G FR2. 
• Small cells are low-power base stations positioned in high density so that each covers a small area at high
speeds. Building many of these small cell clusters will expand coverage, particularly that of mm Wave,
but this will take time. 
• Low-, Mid- and High-Band 5G Spectrum Frequencies and Their
Allocations
5G Frequency Bands
• Radio Frequency bands used in the 5G system are subdivided into
three groups according to their frequencies: 
Low Band 5G Spectrum 
• A usable frequency spectrum below 1GHz is known as Low Band in
5G. Low-frequency spectrum provides more comprehensive coverage
and can penetrate obstacles better. Service providers are familiar with
these bands since the introduction of 2G networks, and they are
commonly used globally
Low Band 5G Spectrum 
 Mid Band 5G Spectrum 
• The mid-band frequency is a good choice for both urban and suburban areas because it provides
a balance between coverage and capacity. Mid bands were commonly used in earlier 5G
deployments due to their higher bandwidth to provide higher data rates than low bands. 
 High Band 5G Spectrum 
High-frequency bands provide fast data transfer and quick response times, but their coverage is limited and mainly utilized in
crowded cities. High band spectrum operates in the millimeter wave frequency range, suitable for higher bandwidth
applications for ultrafast data. 
 In FDMA, the available bandwidth
of the common channel is divided into
bands that are separated by guard bands.

12.32
Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)
In TDMA, the bandwidth is just one channel
that is timeshared between different
stations.

12.34
Time-division multiple access (TDMA)

12.35
In CDMA, one channel carries all
transmissions simultaneously.

12.36
Simple idea of communication with code

12.37
Figure 12.24 Chip sequences

12.38
Figure 12.26 Sharing channel in CDMA

12.39
Figure 12.27 Digital signal created by four stations in CDMA

12.40
 QPSK-Quadrature Phase shift keying
• Envelope Variations
In an ideal system, the transition from one constellation point to
the next occurs instantaneously. However, filtering in a practical
The system will mean that the transition takes a finite time, resulting in
a progressive phase change and hence signal envelope.
The envelope variation of a signal is defined by the changes in the
magnitude of the vector from the origin on the I-Q constellation
The diagram to the line ’traced’ by the signal when changing from one
constellation point to the next.
• A Non-Offset QPSK
• Alternate data bits are directly modulated onto the I and Q
• channels at the same time (Figure 4a). The 180° phase variations
• can cause envelope variations of up to 100%.
• Figure . QPSK Envelope Variations (a) Non-Offset; (b) Offset
• Offset QPSK
The offset refers to the fact that I and Q bit streams are delayed
by half a symbol period to each other. Only two phase transients
per symbol period are now possible: 90° and -90° (Figure 4b).
Envelope variations are confined to 33%, reducing spectral
Spreading
π/4 QPSK
One QPSK constellation is used to modulate odd symbol numbers
and another offset by π/4 to modulate even symbol numbers
This results in a maximum phase transient of 135° in between that of
offset QPSK (90°) and non-offset QPSK (180°). However, π/4 D-QPSK has the
advantage over offset QPSK in that it can be differentially detected. A
stream of identical 1’s or 0’s will always produce a phase change.
π/4 QPSK
Sampling the Input Signal
Input data will be either analog or digital. Analog waveforms
need to be first sampled (Figure 7). Even bits are designated A k
and odd bits, Bk . A group of two bits, A k B k , is called a symbol (or
• ’dibit’) and hence there are two symbols for every sample. Assume
• that each sample, Sw, consists of four bits
Sample QPSK signal
 Generation of QPSK
• There are four possible values for each dibit, Ak Bk. Each of the
• four different dibits will represent a different
• phase shift,∆θ (IN table). Phases are represented by points on the I-Q
diagram.The phase being the angle made by the vector from the
origin to the point on the I-Q diagram and the I=0 axis.
 Generation of QPSK
• The present phase, θk, is simply equal to the previous phase,
• θk-1, plus the phase shift, ∆θ. This can be easily obtained from
• knowledge of the previous phase representation [Ik-1 Qk-1] and the
• received dibit.
• f the input data is Gray coded (fig1) then the values of
• (sin∆θ) and (cos∆θ) are obtained according to fig 2. Note that
• a zero data bit is represented by minus one for the AKG and BKG
• which represents the logic values of the Gray coded data bit AKBK.
Fig-1
Fig-2
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
(Multi Level AM)
Generation of QAM
 Orthogonal Frequency Division
Modulation (OFDM)
• OFDM diagram
• Inter Symbol Interference
• Packet detection and synchronization
• Related works
 Motivation
• Signal over wireless channel
⯈ y[n] = Hx[n]
• Work only for narrow-band channels, but
not for wide-band channels
⯈ e.g., 20 MHz for 802.11
20MHz

frequency
2.45GHz (Central frequency)
Capacity = BW * log(1+SNR)
 Basic Concept of OFDM
Wide-band channel Multiple narrow-band channels

Send a sample using Send samples concurrently using

the entire band multiple orthogonal sub-channels
 Why OFDM is
better? t
t

0
1
0
f 1 0
1 f
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 …........

• Wide-­‐band Narrow-­‐band

• Multiple sub-channels (sub-carriers) carry samples

sent at a lower rate
• ⯈ Almost same bandwidth with wide-band channel
• Only some of the sub-channels are affected by
interferers or multi-path effect
 Importance of Orthogonality
• Why not just use FDM (frequency division
multiplexing)
⯈ Not orthogonal Individual sub-­‐channel

Leakage interference from

adjacent sub-­‐channels f
guard band
Guard bands protect
leakage
interference f
• Need guard bands between adjacent frequency
bands  extra overhead and lower throughput
Difference between FDM and OFDM
guard band

f
Frequency division multiplexing

Orthogonal sub-carriers in OFDM

Don’t need guard bands
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation
* x[1]

IFFT * x[2] transmit

f
* x[3]
t

…
Data coded in frequency domain Transformation to time domain: Channel frequency
each frequency is a sine wave response
In time, all added up

Decode each subcarrier

separately
receive FFT

Time domain signal Frequency domain signal

OFDM Transmitter and Receiver
 Orthogonality of Sub-carriers
IFFT
Encode: frequency-domain samples  time-domain sample

N 21
X[k ]e j 2  kt
x(t)
 N kN 2

Time- Frequency-domain
domain
N 21
1
X[k]
 2
N tN x(t )e  j 2  kt N

FFT
Decode: time-domain samples  frequency-domain sample

e
N 21  j 2  kt N  j 2  pt
e
Orthogonality of any two bins :  0, p 
N tN 2 k
 Example
• Say we use BPSK and 4 sub-carriers to transmit
a stream of samples
1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1,…
• Serial to parallel conversion of samples
Frequency-‐domain
­ signal Time-‐domain
­ signal
c1 c2 c3 c4 IFFT
symbol1 1 1 ‐1 -­ ‐1 -­ 0 2+ 2 ‐-­ 2i 0
1 1 1 ‐1 -­ 2i
2 0 + 2i0 ‐-­2i 2
symbol2 1 -­‐1 ‐1 -­ ‐-­ ‐2
-­ 2 2
1 ‐2
-­ 0 + 2i2
symbol5 -­‐1
symbol3 ‐1-­ 11 -­‐11 ‐1
-­‐1
-­ 0
-­0
‐2 -­‐20-­‐-‐­ 2i
-­‐2 + 2i
2i
symbol6
symbol4 ‐1
-­ ‐1
-­ 1 1 0 -­‐2 + 2i 0 -­‐2 -­‐
• Parallel to serial conversion, and transmit 2i time-
domain samples
0, 2 ‐-­ 2i, 0, 2 + 2i, 2, 0 ‐-­ 2i, 2, 0 + 2i, -­‐2, 2, 2, 2, -­‐2, 0 ‐-­ 2i, -­‐2,
0 + 2i, 0, ‐2-­ ‐-­ 2i, 0, ‐2
-­ + 2i, 0, ‐2
-­ + 2i, 0, ‐2
-­ ‐-­ 2i, …
 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6

bin1

symbol1 1 1 ‐1
-­ ‐1-­ bin2
symbol2 1 1 1 ‐1
-­
symbol3 1 ‐1
-­ ‐1
-­ ‐1-­
symbol4 ‐1
-­ 1 ‐1
-­ ‐1 -­
symbol5 ‐1
-­ 1 1 ‐1-­
symbol6 ‐1
-­ ‐1
-­ 1 1 bin3

bin4