Arguments and Arguments and Arguments and Arguments and

Arguments and Fallacies

Arguments and
Fallacies Fallacies Fallacies Fallacies

Fallacies
Arguments and
Fallacies
Presented By:
Darlyn S. Abella
Ralf Christian C. Agno
Frietzy F. Alcalde
Czarmaine E. Aragorat

Arguments and
Fallacies
Lanz Edward D. Cabaylo
Logic is the branch of Philosophy that focuses on the
analysis of arguments. Arguments, are a series of statements
that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a
claim or opinion is truthful. Arguments are made with the
assumption that the truth of the claim or opinion is still to be
determined. You often encounter arguments in a formal
debate, where participants explain two sides of a
proposition, and judgment regarding the truthfulness of the
proposition is made after hearing the arguments of both
sides.
Arguments are given great importance since these are used to convey ideas
that influence the thinking, actions, and behavior of people. It can lead
people to either right or wrong decision and action. Thus we need to be
very careful when we listen to arguments since not all arguments are
truthful. In addition, not all arguments have the same merit because some
are better presented and substantiated than others. It is also possible that
claims and arguments are given by persons who have ill intentions and
wish to twist or manipulate facts to suit their own purposes. As we analyze
what is presented to us, we must always keep in mind the standards of
critical thinking.
What should we consider when looking at
arguments or opinions?

Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims
of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable.
However, a number of arguments may be based on faulty
reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called fallacies. Some of
these fallacies may be intentional, as the person making the claim
is desperate to convince to accept his or her argument. The
following are examples of fallacies.
 Fallacy Characteristics Example

ad hominem attacking the person "Of course he believes that the

presenting the argument government is flawed, he is a
instead of the argument rebel and a Communist!"
itself.

appeal to force using the threat of force or "If this peace agreement will not
an undesirable event to be signed by the government,
advance an argument then we will have no recourse
but to go to war."
appeal to emotion using emotions such as pity "All these charges are baseless;
or sympathy this is just plain harassment-can't
you see how this is affecting my
family?"
Scepter
appeal to the popular the idea is presented as "Every boy your age already
acceptable because a lot has a girlfriend, you should
of people accept it go find one!"

appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable "Marriage should be

because it has been true between a man and a
for a long time woman. It has been so for a
long time in this country; it
should remain so today and
in the future."
begging the question assuming the thing or "I have a right to free
idea to be proven is speech, therefore you cannot
true; also known as stop me from talking."
"circular argument"
 Asian Cutie
Albert Nicholas
cause-and-effect assuming a "cause-and "Ever since you bought that
effect" relationship sweater, everything has been
between unrelated events going wrong in your life. You
should get rid of it."
fallacy of composition assuming that what is "These cases of robbery in
true of a part is true for this district have convinced
the whole me that the city has become a
den of thieves and criminals."
fallacy of division assuming that what is "You come from a family of
true for the whole is true doctors and intellectuals!
for its parts Surely you can do better in
this course!"
REVIEW
● Philosophy is concerned with determining truth
since it lies at the heart of any inquiry.
● It is not enough to acquire answers/claims, but we
need to analyze the truthfulness to it.
● Logic is a branch of philosophy that focuses on the
anlysis of an argument
● Argument is a philosophical method to knowing the
truth of a certain phenomenon or reality.
REVIEW
● A fallacy is a group of statement that appear to be arguments but
fail to support the conclusion. It has faulty reasoning.
● There are nine (9) fallacies included in the book. These are:
1.) Argumentum ad Hominem (ATTACKING THE PERSON)
- Hominem came from latin word ‘homo’ which means man.
- It means attacking the person instead of the argument itself.
2.) Argumentum ad Baculum (APPEAL TO FORCE)
- Baculum is a latin word that means scepter or a stick which is a
symbol of authority.
- This is committed when a person uses threat or force to advance an
argument
REVIEW
3.) Argumentum ad Misericordiam (APPEAL TO
EMOTION)
- Misericordiam comes from a larin word ‘Misericordia’
which means pity or compassion.
- It is uses emotion to seek for sympathy from people.
4.) Argumentum ad Populum (APPEAL TO
POPULAR)
- Populum means people
- It is commonly called the Bandwagon fallacy.
- The argument supports a position by appealing to the
 REVIEW
5.) Argumentum ad Tradition/Antiquitatem
(APPEAL TO TRADITON)
- Advancing an idea since it has been practiced for a long time.
6.) Petitio Principii (BEGGING THE QUESTION)
- It is which conclusion is taken for granted in the premises.
- A fallacy in which the idea just keeps on circling.
- Also called as ‘Circular Argument’
7.) CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
- Assuming that the effect is related to a cause because both events
happen one after another.
 REVIEW
8.) FALLACY OF COMPOSITION
- Infers that something is true of a part, is true of a whole.
9.) FALLACY OF DIVISION
- The opposite of fallacy of composition
- Infers that something is true of a whole, must also be true
on its parts.
- Stereotyping is an example.
 Arguments and Arguments and Arguments and Arguments and
Arguments and Fallacies

Arguments and
Fallacies Fallacies Fallacies Fallacies

Fallacies
Arguments and
Fallacies
Darlyn S. Abella
Ralf Christian C. Agno
Frietzy F. Alcalde
Czarmaine E. Aragorat

Arguments and
Lanz Edward D. Cabaylo

Fallacies