MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY

-by K. K. Patil
ACPCE MECH
SYLLABUS
 Module 1  Module 3: Theory of
Classification of Alloys& Alloys Diagrams
Materials  Module 4: Heat treatment
Lattice Imperfections: Process
Deformation  Module 5: Effect of
Strain Hardening: Alloying Elements in
Steels
 Module 2: Failure  Module 6: Introduction to
mechanisms: New materials:
Fracture Composites
Fatigue Failure: Nano Materials:
Creep Smart materials
REFERENCE BOOKS
 Materials Science and Engineering by William D. Callister, Jr. – Adapted by
R.Balasubramaniam, Wiley India (P) Ltd
 2. Material Science and Metallurgy by V.D. Kodgire, Everest Publishing House

 3. Mechanical Behaviour of Materials by Courtney, McGraw Hill International New Delhi

 4. Introduction of Engineering Materials, by B.K. Agrawal, McGraw Hill Pub. Co. ltd

 5. Mechanical Metallurgy by G.E. Dieter, McGraw Hill International New Delhi

 6. A text book of Metallurgy by A.R.Bailey, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London

 7. The Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys by W.F. Smith, McGraw hill Int.

 8. Engineering Physical Metallurgy, by Y. Lakhtin, Mir Publishers, Moscow

 9. Introduction to Physical Metallurgy by SydneyAvner, McGraw Hill

 10. Metallurgy for Engineers by E.C. Rollason - ELBS SOC and Edward Arnold, London
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Materials used in the design and manufacture of products

Plastics
Wood
Composites
Ceramics
Metals
Fabrics
Linen,
Layerscotton,
Tungsten
Steel,
of
Balsa nylon, Kevlar
polycarbonate,
carbide
aluminium
Acrylic model bit
woodlens tool
aluminium & acrylic
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (PLASTICS)

Plastics can be further classified as;

Thermoplastic
Thermoset
Elastomers

Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers

Acrylics Epoxy resins Rubbers
Nylons Phenolic Silicones
PVC Polyesters
Phenol Polyurethanes
Urea formaldehyde
formaldehyde
PVCPolyethylene
gutters
Polyethylene
Rubber
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (WOOD)
 Wood can be further categorised as;
 Hardwood
 Softwood
Chipboard
Cedar
Mahogany
Beech
Ash
Oak
Plywood
with Veneer
 Manufactured board
Hardwood Softwood Manufactured
Board
Oak Pine Plywood
Ash Cedar Blockboard
Beech Fir MDF
Sycamore Spruce Melamine
board
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
(COMPOSITES)
 A composite is a combination of two or more chemically
distinct materials whose physical characteristics are superior
to its constituents acting independently.
 Because of their high strength/stiffness to weight ratio they
are widely used in the;
Aerospace industry
Offshore structures
Boats
Sporting goods
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
(COMPOSITES)

 Examples of composites include;

Reinforced Plastics
Ceramic-matrix
Metal-Matrix
Laminates

Outer
CarbonThrust
Combustion
Kevlar,
skin
Glass Cylinder
chamber
reinforced
panels
Cylinder
taffeta
reinforced
chamber linings
forjet
& polyester
plastic
fuselage
linings rocket
plastic
of A380
sails
engine
hull
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
(CERAMICS)
 Ceramics are compounds of metallic and non-
metallic elements, examples include;

Oxides (alumina – insulation and abrasives,

zirconia – dies for metal extrusion and abrasives)
Carbides (tungsten-carbide tools)
Nitrides (cubic boron nitride, 2nd in hardness to
diamond)
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (METALS)

Metals can be further classified as Ferrous &

Non-Ferrous, some examples include;

Ferrous High
Stainless
Aluminium
Copper
Speed
BrassSteel
steel Non-Ferrous

Steels Aluminium

Stainless Steels Copper

High Speed Steels Brass

Cast Irons Titanium

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS (FABRICS)

Fabrics can be further classified as natural and

synthetic

Natural Synthetic

Cotton Nylon

Canvas Polyester

MaterialsCotton
usedPolyester
in space
T-shirt suits
(design
Colourful
Canvas
Polyester
marine
deckinclude
nylon&kite
print
rope-
chair aluminized
projects) Mylar, neoprene
spinnaker
less
coated nylon, dacron,
stretch thanurethane coated
nylon- resists UV nylon,
light tricot and spandex.
The outer layer is a blend of Gortex, Kevlar and Nomex
MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
KNOWLEDGE OF MATERIAL
PROPERTIES

 Application
 Design of components
 Material protection (from corrosion, damage, etc.)
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

1. Physical properties
2. Mechanical properties
3. Chemical properties
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Colour –light wave length
 Density – mass per unit volume expressed in such
units as kg/cm 3
 Thermal conductivity –rate at which heat flows
through a given material (W/m K)
 Specific heat – the heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of a substance by one
degree centigrade (J/kg K)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Melting point – a temperature at which a solid
begins to liquify
 Electrical conductivity – A measure of how
strongly a material opposes the flow of electric
current (ω⋅m)
 Coefficient of thermal expansion – degree of
expansion divided by the change in temperature
(m/°C)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
 Tensile strength – measures the force required to pull
something such as rope,wire or a structural beam to the
point where it breaks
 Ductility – a measure of how much strain a material
can take before rupturing
 Malleability – the property of a material that can be
worked or hammered or shaped without breaking
 Brittleness –breaking or shattering of a material when
subjected to stress (when force is applied to it)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
 Toughness – the ability of a material to absorb energy and
plastically deform without fracturing
 Elasticity – the property of a material that returns to its
original shape after stress (e.G. External forces) that made it
deform or distort is removed
 Plasticity - the deformation of a material undergoing non-
reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces
 Hardness – the property of being rigid and resistant to
pressure; not easily scratched
 Machinability – the property of a material that can be shaped
by hammering, pressing, rolling
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 Corrosion resistance - a material's ability to resist
deterioration caused by exposure to an environment
WHICH PROPERTIES DO THE
FOLLOWING MATERIALS POSSESS?

Material Properties
aluminium
rubber
ceramics
steel
copper
lead
nylon
cast iron
wood
WHICH PROPERTIES DO THE
FOLLOWING MATERIALS POSSESS?

Material Properties
aluminium lightness ; strength
rubber elasticity ; insulation
ceramics thermal resistivity
steel strength
copper conductivity ; corrosion resistance
lead high density; ductility
nylon strength ; toughness
cast iron damping capacity
wood insulation ; environmental friendliness
FIND APPLICATION FOR THE FOLLOWING
ENGINEERING MATERIALS:

Material Application
aluminium
rubber
ceramics
steel
copper
lead
nylon
cast iron
wood
FIND APPLICATION FOR THE FOLLOWING
ENGINEERING MATERIALS:

Material Application
aluminium foil; aircraft; window frame
rubber tyres,; seal; gasket
ceramics furnace; brick
steel section; pipe
copper pipe; cables
lead storage battery; radiation protection
ballast; bullets
nylon rope; clothing
cast iron engine block; valves
wood furniture; deck
 MATERIAL WITH GREATEST
DENSITY
gold - 19300 kg/m3
uranium - 19100 kg/m3

lead - 11340 kg/m3

steel - 7800 kg/m3

THE STRONGEST MATERIAL

Material Tensile Strength UTS (Ultimate Tensile

Strength)
carbon nanotubes 62000 MPa 48000 kNm/kg
(theoretical300000 MPa)

carbon fibre 5650 MPa 3200 kNm/kg

glass fibre 4700 MPa 1340 kNm/kg

spider web 1000 MPa 900 kNm/kg

high-strength steel 1200 MPa 154 kNm/kg

THE BEST CONDUCTOR

Material Conductivity
silver 63 x 106 S/m (1/ohm)

copper
59.6 x 106 S/m (1/ohm)
gold
45.2 x 106 S/m (1/ohm)
aluminium
37.8 x 106 S/m (1/ohm)
THE BEST INSULATOR

Material Specific resistance

polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 1020 ohm

glass 1014 ohm

rubber 1013 ohm

LATTICE
IMPERFECTIONS: