Scribd
Upload
27 views27 pages

Digital Electronics Design

Digital electronics design involves representing and processing data using two states: 1 and 0. Data transmitted digitally is expressed as a string of binary digits (bits). Prior technologies used analog signals of varying amplitude or frequency, while digital uses discrete values. Key components of digital electronics include transistors, integrated circuits containing millions of transistors, resistors, and logic gates which are basic building blocks that process input signals and produce output.

Uploaded by

Sofia Arquero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views27 pages

Digital Electronics Design

Digital electronics design involves representing and processing data using two states: 1 and 0. Data transmitted digitally is expressed as a string of binary digits (bits). Prior technologies used analog signals of varying amplitude or frequency, while digital uses discrete values. Key components of digital electronics include transistors, integrated circuits containing millions of transistors, resistors, and logic gates which are basic building blocks that process input signals and produce output.

Uploaded by

Sofia Arquero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS DESIGN

DIGITAL
It describes electronic technology that
generates, stores, and processes data in terms
of two states: positive and non-positive.
Positive is expressed or represented by the
number 1 and non-positive by the number 0.

Thus, data transmitted or stored with digital


technology is expressed as a string of 0's and
1's. Each of these state digits is referred to as a
bit (and a string of bits that a computer can
address individually as a group is a byte).
 
• Prior to DIGITAL technology, electronic
transmission was limited to analog technology,
which conveys data as electronic signals of
varying frequency or amplitude that are added
to carrier waves of a given frequency.
• Broadcast and phone transmission has
conventionally used analog technology.
• Digital may refer to:
• Digital data, data that is represented using discrete (discontinuous)
values
• In technology:
• Digital computer, a computer handling information represented by
discrete values.
• Digital electronics, electronic circuits representing signals by
discrete bands of analog levels, rather than by a continuous range.
• Digital media, media that store digital data.
• Digital signal, a discrete-amplitude signal or bitstream signal
– Digital television, television systems which broadcast using digital signals
ANALOG
• An analog signal can be represented as a series of sine waves.
The term originated because the modulation of the carrier
wave is analogous to the fluctuations of the human voice or
other sound that is being transmitted.

• In telecommunications
an analog signal is one in which a base carrier's 
alternating current frequency.

- Broadcast and telephone transmission have conventionally


used analog technology.
There are two types of signals that carry
information.
Analog and Digital
Analog vs Digital Signals

• The difference between analog and digital signal is that analog is a continuous
electrical signal, whereas digital is a non-continuous electrical signal.

•   Analog Signals vary in time, and the variations follow that of the non-electric
signal. When compared to analog signals, digital signals change in individual
steps and consist of pulses or digits.

• Digital signals, similar to Morse code, are sent to a computer which interprets


these into words. A digital signal, a 0 or 1, is sent through the phone line. For
example, when you type the letter A into your computer, it converts it into
01000001. This 01000001 goes to other computer, which interprets it as A. A
series of eight 0′s and 1′s is called a byte, whereas each 0 or 1 is called a bit.
• The difference between digital and analog signals can also be understood by observing
various examples of different waves, and how they work. In the 1800′s, analog
waveforms were used in conjunction with copper to relay or transmit conversations.

• The speed at which energy or signals travel down a cable is actually the speed of the
electromagnetic wave, not the movement of electrons.
DIGITAL vs. ANALOG
ANALOG and DIGITAL Signals
Alternating Current (AC)
• An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is
often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an
electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma.
•  
• Household utility current in most countries is AC with a frequency of 60 hertz (60
complete cycles per second), although in some countries it is 50 Hz. The radio-
frequency (RF) current in antennas and transmission lines is another example of AC.
•  
• Sine waves
• A waveform is a representation of how alternating current (AC) varies with time.
The most familiar AC waveform is the sine wave, which derives its name from the
fact that the current or voltage varies with the sine of the elapsed time. Other
common AC waveforms are the square wave, the ramp, the saw tooth wave, and
the triangular wave. Their general shapes are shown below.
STATIC ELECTRIC
• A static electric charge is created whenever two surfaces contact and
separate, and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical
current (and is therefore an electrical insulator). The effects of static
electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel, hear, and
even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to
a large electrical conductor (for example, a path to ground), or a region with
an excess charge of the opposite polarity (positive or negative)
•  
• When electricity is at rest, it is called static electricity. It refers to the electric
charges that build up on the surface of materials or substances. These so-
called static charges remain until they are grounded, or discharged.
• Static electricity is generated by friction, or sudden contact – for instance,
rubbing two materials against each other. Ordinarily, atoms are ‘uncharged’.
These are considered neutral substances, but they can lose or gain electrons
through friction.
• Digital circuit
TRANSISTOR
• A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify
and switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is
composed of semiconductor material with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit.
• A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current through another pair of
terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be
higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can
amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged
individually, but many more are found embedded in
integrated circuits.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT(IC)
• Another name for a chip, an integrated circuit
(IC) is a small electronic device made out of a
semiconductor material. The first integrated
circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack
Kilby of Texas Instrumentsand Robert Noyce of
Fairchild Semiconductor.
Difference between Transistor to IC
• An integrated circuit has many components like
resistors,capacitors, transistors .... fabricated in A transistor
has only an NPN or a PNP junction. Integrated circuits can
contain millions of transistors. They can reduce the size and
space requirement of a circuit. If u have a specific IC then u
can reduce the number of transistors required(in most cases
u may avoid using transistors then).Generally a transistor has
3 or 4 pins.But an IC has a minimum of 8 pins normally.

• .The P and N letters refer to positive and negative doping in a


semiconductor.In PNP transistor (Points iN Proudly - which
also defines the current in Emitter terminal points inwards in
the transistor symbol),
Resistor
Resistors - the most ubiquitous of electronic components. They are a critical piece
in just about every circuit. And they play a major role in our favorite equation,
Ohm’s Law.
Ohm's Law
Combining the elements of voltage, current, and resistance, Ohm developed the
formula:
Where
V = Voltage in volts
I = Current in amps
R = Resistance in ohms

• The difference between a Transistor and a Resistor is that a transistor is designed


to amplify the electrical current, whereas a Resistor is designed to reduce the
electrical current.
LOGIC GATES
• Logic Gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit.
Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given
moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions
low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels.
• A LOGIN GATE is an elementary building block of a digital circuit
. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given
moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary
conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage
levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and generally does,
change often, as the circuit processes data. In most logic gates,
the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high
state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V).

You might also like