Digital Logic and Switching Theory

LOGIC DESIGN AND

SWITCHING THEORY
CS 102
 Learning Objectives
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

 To define what is digital system.

 To differentiate analog and digital circuits.
 To understand and examine the structure of various number
systems and its application in digital design.
 Digital Systems
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

 Digital systems consider discrete amounts of data

 Examples
• 26 letters in the alphabet
• 10 decimal digits
 Larger quantities can be built from discrete values:
• Words made of letters
• Numbers made of decimal digits (e.g. 239875.32)
 Computers operate on binary values (0 and 1)
 Easy to represent binary values electrically
• Voltages and currents
• Can be implemented using circuits
• Create the building blocks of modern computers
 Digital Systems
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

 Binary digital signal

 An information variable represented by physical quantity.
 For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete values.
• Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values.
 Binary values are represented abstractly by:
• Digits 0 and 1
• Words (symbols) false (F) and true (T)
• Words (symbols) low (L) and high (H)
• And words on and off
 Advantages of Digital Systems
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

• Digital systems are easier to design

• Information storage is easy
• Accuracy and precision are greater
• Digital systems are more versatile
• Digital circuits are less affected by noise
• More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chip
 Introduction to Digital Electronics
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

The term "digital" derived from the way in which computers

perform operations by counting digits .

Electronic circuits and systems are of two kinds:

1. Analog
2. Digital
 Analog Circuits
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

The circuits in which voltages and currents vary continuously through

the given range.

Example: In the output voltage of audio amplifier, signal generator,

radio frequency transmitter and receiver, power supplies and electric
motor etc.
 Digital Circuits
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

• The circuits in which the voltage levels assume a finite number of

distinct values.
• Digital circuits are often called switching circuits, because the voltage
levels in a digital circuit are assumed to be switched from one value to
another instantaneously.
 Disadvantage of Digital Techniques
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

Most physical quantities are analog in nature, and it is these quantities

that are often the input and output, and continually monitored,
operated and controlled by the system.
 when analog quantities are processed and expressed digitally; we are really
making a digital approximation to an inherently analog quantity
 Instead of processing the analog information directly we follow the process as
shown

here two devices ADC and DAC increase the processing time and circuitry,
that
increases the complexity of system.
 Logic Levels and Pulse Wave Forms
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

The digital system uses binary number system, therefore two state
devices are used to represent the two

 Positive logic system: If High voltage level is represented by 1

and Low voltage level by 0.
 Logic Levels and Pulse Wave Forms
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

 Negative logic system: If High voltage level is represented by 0

and Low voltage level by 1.

In reality 0 and 1 is represented by a range of voltages instead of

particular voltage levels.

Let 0 is represented by a voltage range of 0V to 0.8V and 1 is

represented by a voltage orange of 2V to 5V.
 Introduction to Number Systems
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

A number system defines how a number can be represented

using distinct symbols. A number can be represented
differently in different systems.

For example, the two numbers 2A16 and 528 both refer to the
same quantity , but their representations are different.
 Understanding Decimal Numbers
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

 Decimal numbers are made of decimal digits:

• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 => base = 10
 How many items does decimal number 8653 represents?
1000 100 10 1 Weight
 8653 = 8 x 103 + 6 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 3 x100
 Number = d3 x B3 + d2 x B2 + d1 x B1 + d0 x B0 = value
 What about fractions?
 97654.35 = 9x104 + 7x103 + 6x102 + 5x101 + 4x100 + 3x10-1 + 5x10-2
 In formal notation → (97654.35)10
 Understanding Octal Numbers
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

 Octal numbers are made of octal digits:

 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 => base = 8
 How many items does an octal number represent?
512 64 8 1 Weight
 (4536)8 = 4 x 83 + 5 x 82 + 3 x 81 + 6 x 80 = (2398)10
 What about fractions?
 (465.27)8 = 4 x 82 + 6 x 81 + 5 x 80 + 2 x 8-1 + 7 x 8-2
 Octal numbers don’t use digits 8 or 9
 Understanding Hexadecimal Numbers
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

 Hexadecimal numbers are made of 16 digits:

• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A, B, C, D, E, F => base = 16
 How many items does a hexadecimal number represent?
4096 256 16 1 Weight

• (3A9F)16 = 3 x 163 + 10 x 162 + 9 x 161 + 15 x 160 = 1499910

 What about fractions?
• (2D3.5)16 = 2x162 + 13x161 + 3x160 + 5x16-1 = 723.312510
 Note that each hexadecimal digit can be represented
• With four bits
• (1110)2 = (E)16
 Understanding Binary Numbers
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

 Binary numbers are made of binary digits (bits):

• 0 and 1
 How many items does a binary number represent?
8 4 2 1 Weight
• (1011)2 = 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 = (11)10
 What about fractions?
• (110.10)2 = 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 0 x 2-2
 Groups of eight bits are called a byte
• (11001001)2
 Groups of four bits are called a nibble
• (1101)2
 Putting All Together
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

 Binary, octal, and hexadecimal are similar.

 Easy to build circuits to operate on these representations.
 Possible to convert between the three formats.
 Why Use Binary Numbers?
Digital Logic and Switching Theory

 Easy to represent 0 and 1 using electrical values

 Possible to tolerate noise
 Easy to transmit data
 Easy to build binary circuits