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4 - Forensic Assignment by Betha.

Forensic identification uses physical characteristics like dental records, fingerprints, and DNA to identify victims and perpetrators. Positive identification compares pre-mortem and post-mortem data, while presumptive identification uses general characteristics like personal effects to identify or exclude individuals. Identification is important for legal purposes like death certificates and investigations, and can be done using intact, decomposed, or skeletal remains through techniques like dental comparisons, radiography, and analysis of bones, teeth and serology.

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Ashley Nasimiyu
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48 views

4 - Forensic Assignment by Betha.

Forensic identification uses physical characteristics like dental records, fingerprints, and DNA to identify victims and perpetrators. Positive identification compares pre-mortem and post-mortem data, while presumptive identification uses general characteristics like personal effects to identify or exclude individuals. Identification is important for legal purposes like death certificates and investigations, and can be done using intact, decomposed, or skeletal remains through techniques like dental comparisons, radiography, and analysis of bones, teeth and serology.

Uploaded by

Ashley Nasimiyu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Forensics

By Betha Nasaka
BDS/06/17
Forensic identification
• Identification is the confirmation or the determination of the
victim(s) and perpetrator(s) based on certain physical characteristics.

• Legal certification of an individual’s identity is based on a number of


parameters most of which are centered about the individual’s
appearance and personal effects.
Types of identification
• Positive identifications, traditionally involve a comparison of pre-
and postmortem data which are considered unique to the individual.

• Presumptive identifications, which include visual recognition,


personal effects, do not usually identify unique characteristics of the
individual but rather present a series of general or class
characteristics which may exclude others.
Need for identification
• In living person, cases of amnesia, unconscious, imposters, issue of
identity cards, passports etc. specific ages in penal code infanticide,
criminal responsibility, rape, consent etc.
• In dead person, to give information to surviving relatives, statistical
and legal process, registration of death, discharge of property
investigations etc.
• Skeletonized material
• Intact fresh corpses, decomposed corpses, mutilated and
dismembered corpses.
Data required for identification.
• dental comparisons
• finger prints, palm prints, and footprints,
• DNA identifications
• radiographic superimpositions (vertebrae, cranial structures including frontal
sinuses, pelvic structures, bone trabecular, and prostheses).
• visual recognition
• personal effects
• serology
• Anthropometric data
• medical history
• race, ethnicity, religion
• sex
• body built
• age
• blood group
• Complexion
• Hair
• Eyes
• Congenital and acquired peculiarities
• Teeth and bite marks
Investigation
• Medico legal investigation focuses on the six major questions asked in
any such forensic investigation:
• 1. Who is the victim?
• 2. What are the injuries?
• 3. How were the injuries sustained?
• 4. Where did the injuries occur?
• 5. When did the injuries occur?
• 6. If the injuries were caused by another person, by whom?
Forensic odontology.

• Importance of odontology
• Diagnostic and therapeutic examination and evaluation of injuries.
• The identification of individuals.
• Criminal investigations
• Identification, examination and evaluation of bite marks.
• Age determination.
Techniques used in identification.
• Amino acid racemization studies
• Incremental line and other histology studies.
• Scanning electron microscopy.
• Metal ratio analysis in bone and teeth.
• Serology studies.
• DNA analyses.
Age determinants
• Age estimation in adults
• Racemization of aspartic acid.
• It is accurate method
• Irreversible reaction rapid in living tissue
• With increase in age there is increase in D/L ratio.
• It is high in root dentine.
• Other determinants of age include,
• Amount of attrition
• Deposition of secondary dentine
• Loss of periodontal attachment
• Cemental apposition.
• Root resorption.
• Transparency of root dentine.
• Age estimation in children
• Visual examination
• Radiologically.
Dental structure identification.
• Scanning electron microscopy.
• SEM with EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry)
analysis.
Sorting by metal ratios
• The magnesium/zinc ratio.
• zinc/sodium.
• magnesium/sodium.
• chromium/sodium ratios.
Serological parameters.
• isoelectric focusing electrophoresis
• Sensitive immunoblotting techniques.
• phenotyping alpha-2-HS glycoprotein in serum.
• PCR (polymerase chain reaction).
Sex determinants
• based largely on tooth size and shape
• Y chromosome in dental pulp
• detection of the Y chromosome using quinacrine and fluorescent
microscopy.
Race determinants
• craniofacial characteristics
• mandible and dentition reflect racial characteristics.
• Tooth size and shape
• form of the palate and the shape of the dental arches
• Skull measurements
• cultural characteristics on teeth
• photographic reconstructions
Features useful in race determination
• skin, hair, skin color, ears, face
• shape, eyebrows, eyes, nose, lips, eye color, chin age, and cheeks.
Forensic odontological databases

• Application in mass disasters


• Bite marks examination
• DNA analysis.
Application in mass disasters
• a pantomorphograph registry.
• CAPMI (Computerized Assisted Postmortem Identification System).
• Current interest in the digitalization of radiographs for teleradiology
and telemedicine purposes.

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