Java Programming, 9e

Chapter 1

Creating Java Programs

1
 Objectives

• Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to:

• Define basic programming terminology
• Compare procedural and object-oriented programming
• Describe the features of the Java programming language
• Analyze a Java application that produces console output
• Compile a Java class and correct syntax errors
• Run a Java application and correct logic errors
• Add comments to a Java class
• Create a Java application that produces GUI output
• Find help

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classroom use.
 Learning Programming Terminology (1 of
3)
• Computer program
• A set of written instructions that tells the computer what to do
• Machine language
• The most basic circuitry-level language
• A low-level programming language

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 Learning Programming Terminology (2 of
3)
• High-level programming language
• Allows you to use a vocabulary of reasonable terms
• Syntax
• A specific set of rules for the language
• Program statements
• Similar to English sentences
• Commands to carry out program tasks

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 Learning Programming Terminology (3 of
3)
• Compiler or interpreter
• Translates language statements into machine code
• Syntax error
• Misuse of language rules
• A misspelled programming language word
• Debugging
• Freeing program of all errors
• Logic errors
• Also called semantic errors
• Incorrect order or procedure
• The program may run but provide inaccurate output

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 Comparing Procedural and Object-Oriented
Programming Concepts (1 of 2)
• Procedural programming
• Sets of operations executed in sequence
• Variables
- Named computer memory locations that hold values
• Procedures
- Individual operations grouped into logical units

• Object-oriented programs
• Create classes
- Blueprints for an object
• Create objects from classes
• Create applications

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 Comparing Procedural and Object-Oriented
Programming Concepts (2 of 2)
• Object-oriented programming was used most frequently for two major types of
applications
• Computer simulations
• Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
- Not all object-oriented programs are written to use a GUI

• Object-oriented programming differs from traditional procedural programming

- Polymorphism
- Inheritance
- Encapsulation

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 Understanding Classes, Objects, and
Encapsulation (1 of 3)
• Class
• Describes objects with common properties
• A definition
• An instance
• Attributes
• Characteristics that define an object
• Differentiate objects of the same class
• The value of attributes is an object’s state
• Objects
• Specific, concrete instances of a class

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Understanding Classes, Objects, and
Encapsulation (2 of 3)

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 Understanding Classes, Objects, and
Encapsulation (3 of 3)
• Method
• A self-contained block of program code that carries out an action
• Similar to a procedure
• Encapsulation
• Conceals internal values and methods from outside sources
• Provides security
• Keeps data and methods safe from inadvertent changes

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classroom use.
 Understanding Inheritance and
Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• An important feature of object-oriented programs
• Classes share attributes and methods of existing classes but with more specific
features
• Helps you understand real-world objects
• Polymorphism
• Means “many forms”
• Allows the same word to be interpreted correctly in different situations based on
context

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 Features of the Java Programming
Language (1 of 5)
• Java
• Developed by Sun Microsystems
• An object-oriented language
• General-purpose
• Advantages
- Security features
- Architecturally neutral

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 Features of the Java Programming
Language (2 of 5)
• Java (cont’d.)
• Can be run on a wide variety of computers
• Does not execute instructions on the computer directly
• Runs on a hypothetical computer known as a Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
• Source code
• Programming statements written in high-level programming language

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 Features of the Java Programming
Language (3 of 5)
• Development environment
• A set of tools used to write programs
• Bytecode
• Statements saved in a file
• A binary program into which the Java compiler converts source code
• Java interpreter
• Checks bytecode and communicates with the operating system
• Executes bytecode instructions line by line within the Java Virtual Machine

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Features of the Java Programming
Language (4 of 5)

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 Features of the Java Programming
Language (5 of 5)
• WORA
• Write once, run anywhere
• Console applications
- Support character output

• Windowed applications
- Menus
- Toolbars
- Dialog boxes

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 Analyzing a Java Application that Produces
Console Output (1 of 2)
• Even the simplest Java application involves a fair amount of confusing syntax
• Print “First Java application” on the screen

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Analyzing a Java Application that Produces
Console Output (2 of 2)

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 Understanding the Statement that Produces
the Output (1 of 2)
• Literal string
• Will appear in output exactly as entered
• Written between double quotation marks
• Arguments
• Pieces of information passed to a method
• Method
• Requires information to perform its task
• System class
• Refers to the standard output device for a system

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Understanding the Statement that Produces
the Output (2 of 2)

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 Understanding the First Class (1 of 6)

• Everything used within a Java program must be part of a class

• Define a Java class using any name or identifier
• Requirements for identifiers
• Must begin with one of the following:
- Letter of the English alphabet
- Non-English letter (such as α or π)
- Underscore
- Dollar sign
• Cannot begin with a digit

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 Understanding the First Class (2 of 6)

• Requirements for identifiers (cont’d.)

• Can only contain:
- Letters
- Digits
- Underscores
- Dollar signs
• Cannot be a Java reserved keyword
• Cannot be true, false, or null
• Upper Camel casing (Pascal casing)
• Each word of an identifier begins with uppercase letter
- UnderGradStudent
- InventoryItem

• Access specifier
• Defines how a class can be accessed

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 Understanding the First Class (3 of 6)

Table 1-1: Java

reserved
keywords
abstract continue for new switch
assert default got package synchronized
boolean do if private this
break double implements protected throw
byte else import public throws
case enum instanceof return transient
catch extends int short try
char final interface static void
class finally long strictfp volatile
const float native super while

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classroom use.
 Understanding the First Class (4 of 6)

Table 1-3: Legal but unconventional and

nonrecommended class names in Java
Class Name Description
Undergradstudent New words are not indicated with initial
uppercase letters, making this
identifier difficult to read
Inventory_Item Underscore is not commonly used to
indicate new words
BUDGET2019 Using all uppercase letters for class
identifiers is not conventional
budget2019 Conventionally, class names do not begin
with a lowercase letter

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 Understanding the First Class (5 of 6)

Table 1-4: Some illegal class names in Java

Class Name Description

Inventory Item Space character is illegal in an identifier

class class is a reserved word

2019Budget Class names cannot begin with a digit

phone# The number symbol (#) is illegal in an

identifier

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Understanding the First Class (6 of 6)

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 Understanding the main() Method (1 of 3)

• static
• A reserved keyword
• Means the method is accessible and usable even though no objects of the class exist
• void
• Use in the main() method header
• Does not indicate the main() method is empty
• Indicates the main() method does not return a value when called
• Does not mean that main() doesn’t produce output

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Understanding the main() Method (2 of 3)

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Understanding the main() Method (3 of 3)

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 Indent Style

• Use whitespace to organize code and improve readability

• For every opening curly brace ( { ) in a Java program, there must be a
corresponding closing curly brace
(})
• Placement of the opening and closing curly braces is not important to the
compiler
• Allman style used in text

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 Saving a Java Class

• Saving a Java class

• Save the class in a file with exactly the same name and .java extension
- For public classes, class name and filename must match exactly

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 Compiling a Java Class and Correcting
Syntax Errors (1 of 2)
• Compiling a Java class
• Compile the source code into bytecode
• Translate the bytecode into executable statements
- Using a Java interpreter
• Type javac First.java
• Compilation outcomes
• javac is an unrecognized command
• Program language error messages
• No messages indicating successful completion

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 Compiling a Java Class and Correcting
Syntax Errors (2 of 2)
• Reasons for error messages
• Misspelled the command javac
• A misspelled filename
• Not within the correct subfolder or subdirectory on the command line
• Improper installation of Java

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 Correcting Syntax Errors

• The first line of the error message displays:

• The name of the file where the error was found
• The line number
• The nature of the error
• Next lines identify:
• The symbol
• The location
• Compile-time error
• The compiler detects a violation of language rules
• Refuses to translate the class to machine code
• Parsing
• Compiler divides source code into meaningful portions

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 Running a Java Application and Correcting
Logical Errors (1 of 2)
• Run the application from the command line
• Type java First
• Shows the application’s output in the command window
• The class is stored in a folder named Java on the C drive

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Running a Java Application and Correcting
Logical Errors (2 of 2)

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 Modifying a Compiled Java Class (1 of 2)

• Modify the text file that contains the existing class

• Save the file with changes using the same filename
• Compile the class with the javac command
• Interpret the class bytecode and execute the class using the java command

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Modifying a Compiled Java Class (2 of 2)

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 Correcting Logic Errors

• Logic error
• The syntax is correct but incorrect results were produced when executed
• Run-time error
• Not detected until execution
• Often difficult to find and resolve

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 Adding Comments to a Java Class (1 of 4)

• Program comments
• Nonexecuting statements added to a program for documentation
• Use to leave notes for yourself or others
• Include the author, date, and class’s name or function
• Comment out a statement
• Turn it into a comment
• The compiler does not translate, and the JVM does not execute its command

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 Adding Comments to a Java Class (2 of 4)

• Types of Java comments

• Line comments
- Start with two forward slashes (//)
- Continue to the end of the current line
- Do not require an ending symbol
• Block comments
- Start with a forward slash and an asterisk (/*)
- End with an asterisk and a forward slash (*/)

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 Adding Comments to a Java Class (3 of 4)

• Types of Java comments (cont’d.)

• Javadoc comments
- A special case of block comments
- Begin with a slash and two asterisks (/**)
- End with an asterisk and a forward slash (*/)
- Use to generate documentation

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Adding Comments to a Java Class (4 of 4)

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 Creating a Java Application that Produces
GUI Output (1 of 3)
• JOptionPane
• Produces dialog boxes
• Dialog box
• A GUI object resembling a window
• Messages placed for display
• import statement
• Use to access a built-in Java class
• Package
• A group of classes

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Creating a Java Application that Produces
GUI Output (2 of 3)

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Creating a Java Application that Produces
GUI Output (3 of 3)

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 Finding Help

• Java API
• Also called the Java class library
• Provides prewritten information about Java classes
• FAQs on the Java Web site
• Java Development Kit (JDK)
• A software development kit (SDK) of programming tools
• Free to download

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 Don’t Do It

• Don’t forget the file’s name must match the class name
• Don’t confuse these terms:
• Parentheses, braces, brackets, curly braces, square brackets, and angle brackets
• Don’t forget to end a block comment
• Don’t forget that Java is case sensitive
• Don’t forget to end every statement with a semicolon
• Do not end class or method headers with a semicolon
• Don’t forgot to recompile when making changes
• Don’t panic when you see a lot of compiler error messages
• Don’t assume your program is perfect when all compiler errors are eliminated.

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 Summary (1 of 3)

• Computer program
• A set of instructions that tells a computer what to do
• Object-oriented programs
• Classes
• Objects
• Applications
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
• A standardized hypothetical computer
• Everything in a Java program must be part of a class

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classroom use.
 Summary (2 of 3)

• Access specifier
• A word that defines circumstances under which a class can be accessed
• All Java applications must have a method named main()
• Program comments
• Nonexecuting statements
• Add to a file for documentation
• javac
• A compile command

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classroom use.
 Summary (3 of 3)

• java
• An execute command
• JOptionPane
• A GUI
• Provides methods for creating dialogs

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