Today, let’s deal with the following:

Mathematics Language and

W
Expressions vs Sentences E
E
K

3
Translating English
Three Basic Concepts:
Phrases/Sentences into
Mathematical sets, functions and
Expressions/Equations relations
 1
Mathematics Language
and
Expressions vs Sentences
 Expressions vs Sentences
Expression Sentence W
An expression is an arrangement A sentence is a correct arrangement of
of mathematical symbols that mathematical symbols that statesE a
complete thought.
doesn’t make a complete thought. E
It can be determined as true or false or
It cannot be determined as true or
sometimes true, sometimes false.K
false. There is a verb such as =, <, >, ≤ or ≥.
No verb such as =, <, >, ≤ or ≥. Examples:
Examples:
 12xy
 1+2 = 3 A true sentence.
 5+ 2 = 12 A false sentence. 3
 X<2 A sentence which is
 1+2 sometimes true or
 3(x+5) sometimes false.
 A circle  A circle doesn’t have corners and sides.
A true sentence.
Let’s try the following:
Identify whether the given is an expression or a sentence. If it is a sentence,
determine whether it is true or false. W
1.) 5x2
E
2.) A square has four sides. E
3.) 8 ÷ 2 = 12
4.) a + 1 – b x 3
K
5.) 2 + 2 > 4
 
Answers: 3
1.) It is an expression since it does not contain a verb such as =, > or <.
2.) It is a sentence. All squares have four side. Therefore, it is a true sentence.
3.) It is a sentence in which the verb is =. It is a false sentence since 8 ÷ 2 is 4 and not 12.
4.) It does not contain any verb. Therefore, it is an expression.
5.) It is a sentence in which the verb is >. It is a false sentence since 2 + 2 is not greater
than 4.
Identify whether the given is an expression or a sentence. If it is a sentence,
determine whether it is true or false.
  W
6.) 2 + 1 < 5
7.) a + b = 3 E
8.) x + y - 42 E
9.) x + 1 > 5
10.) One example of a quadrilateral polygon is triangle. K
 
Answers:
6.) It is a sentence in which the verb is <. It is a true sentence since 2 + 1 is less than 5.
7.) It is a sentence in which the verb is =. Can be true or false depending on the value of the3
variables a and b.
8.) It does not contain any verb. Therefore, it is an expression.
9.) It is a sentence in which the verb is >. Can be true or false depending on the value of the
variable x.
10.) It is a sentence. Quadrilateral is a polygon with four corners and four sides, triangle has
only three sides and corners. Therefore, it is a false sentence.
 2
Translating English
Phrases/Sentences into
Mathematical
Expressions/Equations
Below are some words which connotes the following
operations:
W
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
E
plus minus times divided by
E
added to subtracted multiplied by quotient K
of
from
sum of difference of product of ratio of
increased by decreased by twice, thrice
3
reciprocal of
exceeds by less, less than doubled,
tripled
Translate the following english phrases/sentences into mathematical
expressions/equation.
English phrases Mathematical expressions
3 less the sum of a and b 3 – (a + b)
3 less than the sum of a and b (a + b) – 3
5 more than twice a number 2x + 5
Thrice a number less 10 3x-10
𝒄 −𝟏
ratio of c minus 1 and d
𝒅
English sentences Mathematical equations

m added to ten is 18. m + 10 = 18

k added by 2 is j k+2 = j
3 is less than the sum of a and b. 3 < (a + b)
5 times y is greater than or equal to 15. 𝟓 𝒚 ≥ 𝟏𝟓
The quotient of m and 7 is equal to 4 𝒎
=𝒛−𝟒
less than z 𝟕
Translate the following english phrases/sentences into mathematical
expressions/equation.
W
1.) 6 less the quotient of x and y.
𝒙 E
6 – 𝒚
E
2.) 6 less than the quotient of x and y.
K
𝒙
𝒚
–6 3
3.) 6 is less than the quotient of x and y.
𝒙
6< 𝒚
4.) The quotient of m 6.) The quotient of
and x is 15. m and x less 15.
𝒎 𝒎

= 15
𝒙 𝒙
– 15

5.) The quotient of m 7.) The quotient of m

and x is less than 15. and x less than 15.
𝒎 𝒎
𝒙 𝒙
< 15 15 –
8.) The sum of 4 and 10.) The sum of 4
thrice a number less 5. and thrice a number
is less than 5.
(4+3x) – 5
(4+3x) < 5

9.) The sum of 4 and 11.) 4 more than

thrice a number less thrice a number.
than 5.
3x + 4
5 – (4+3x)
12.) Thrice a number 14.) 10 is greater than
more than 4 less 5. the product of a and b.
(4 + 3x ) – 5 10 > ab

13.) Thrice a number 15.) Twice a number

more than 4 less less 5 is 70.
than 5.
5 – ( 4 + 3x) (2x – 5) = 70
 3
Three Basic Concepts:
Sets, Functions and
Relations
Concepts on Sets
Set – is a collection of common objects, numbers, letters in the alphabet, people, and any
other sets. W
Examples: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .} E
  E
Element – is a member of a set. It is denoted by .
Examples: 1 A K
12 B
 
Subset – is a set in which all of its elements are found in another set. 3
Example: A ⊆ B since all elements of A are found in B.

Cardinality – refers to the number of elements in a set.

It is denoted by n( ) where the name of the set is written inside the parenthesis symbol.
Examples: n(A) = 4
n(B) =  
Universal Set – a set that contains all elements found in the other given set/s. It is denoted by U.
Example: C = {a, e, i, o, u}
D = {a, b, c, d} W
Then the universal set of C and D is U = {a, e, i, o, u, b, c, d}
E
Null Set – a set with no element. It is denoted by { } or .
Note: An empty set is a subset of any set. E
Examples: ⊆ C
⊆ D K
Equal Sets – are sets with exactly the same elements.
Example: E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
F = {9, 7, 5, 3, 1} 3
  Therefore, E = F.
 
Equivalent Sets – are sets with the same cardinality.
Example: G = {w, x, y, z}
H = {0, 10, 100, 1000}
Therefore, G H.
Union of Sets
The UNION of two sets is a set containing all elements that are in A or in B.
For example, W
A={1, 2, 3}
B ={2, 3, 4} E
Therefore, A B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
*Note that every A B is equal to B A.
E
K
Intersection of Sets
The INTERSECTION of two given sets is the set that contains all the elements that are common
to both sets.
3
For example,
A={1, 2, 3}
B={2, 3, 4}
Therefore, A B = {2, 3}
*Like union of sets, every AB is equal
to BA.
Identify each item whether true or false given the sets:
Given: A = { 1, 2, 3 }
B = { 0, 1, 2 }
C = { 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 }
D = { 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, . . . }

1.) A = B -False Why false? Sets A and B are not equal since they don’t have
exactly the same elements.

2.) A ~ B -True Why true? Sets A and B are equivalent since they have the same cardinality

3.) n(B) = 2 -False Why false? The cardinality of B is n(B) = 3 since it

contains 3 elements.

4.) Universal set of A and B is U = {0,1,1,2,3}

-False Why false? The universal set of A and B is U={0,1,2,3}

5.) A∩C={1,25} -False Why false? Set A and C doesn’t have common element/s.
Their intersection can be expressed as A∩C=∅
Given: A = { 1, 2, 3 }
B = { 0, 1, 2 }
C = { 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 } W
D = { 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, . . . }
E
6.) C ⊆ D -True Why true? All elements of C can be found in Set D.
E
7.) A ⊆ B -False Why false? Not all elements of A can be found in set B. K
8.) B∩A={1,2} -True Why true? The common elements of B and A are {1,2}
3
9.) 100∈D -True Why true? 100 can be found in set D because set D is an infinite set from 20
to positive infinity.

10.) Ø ⊆ A -True Why true? Null Set is always a subset of any set. This can also be true for Ø ⊆
B, Ø⊆ C and Ø⊆ D.

11.) n(D) = 5 -False Why false? Cardinality of set D is infinity or infinite

number of elements, n(D) = ∞
Concepts on Relations and Functions
Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x, y). W
 
Examples:
E
A = {(0, 1), (1,2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} E
 
K
Function – is a relation in which repetition of any element of its domain is not allowed.
 
Examples:
C = {(0, 0), (-1,1), (1, 1), (-2, 4), (2, 4)} 3
is a relation and a function.
D = {(0, 0), (1, -1)), (1, 1), (4, -2), (4, 2)}
is a relation but not a function.

NOTE: All functions are relations, but not all relations are functions.
Identify if the given relation is a function or not a function:

1.) {(−1,0)(0,−3)(2,−3)(3,0)(4,5)} W
-Function- E
E
2.) {(6,10)(−7,3)(0,4)(6,−4)}
-Not Function- K

3.) {(3,0)(4,5)(5,0)(3,-1)} 3
-Not Function-

4.) {(−2,5)(−1,0)(0,−3)(1,−4)(2,−3)}
-Function-
 W
- End of ppt – E
E
*For future reference, refer to the K
image we’ve used during class
discussion that I have sent in our 3
group chat. 