Unit-II

Dr. K.Srikanth
Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE
What are the applications of point form of
ohm’s law
(Answer in the poll window)
 Current Density J

The current density is defined as the current per unit area

in a conductor, where A is the cross section of conductor.
The current density is a vector quantity, units: Amps/m2.

   
I
J  And since I=nqAvd;
J  nqv d
A

now v is proportional to the electric field
 
d

so J   E
Where  is a constant called the
conductivity of the material.

The current density J and the electric field E are both

established in a conductor as a result of a potential
difference across the conductor.
Because J is proportional to the field, current in a wire is proportional to the potential
difference between the ends of the wire.

A E

V
Uniform E  V  EL
Macroscopic
Microscopic View View
 I  V  L 
J  E        V  I 
 A L  A 
“Resistance”, R
 RESISTIVITY: the inverse of conductivity.

1 (this depends on
 the type of material)


 L 
V I   IR Ohm’s Law
 A 

L (Uniform wire, Length L, cross-section area

where R  A)
A

volt
Unit of resistance R is: 1 ohm ()  1
amp
 Boundary Conditions for Free space and Conductor
E1n

E1t

Medium # 1 E1
Medium # 2 E2
E2n

E2t

E1 E2

Normal component
E1t + E1n E2n + E2t

Tangential component
 E
NORMAL
E
COMPONENTS
E
1n 1n 2n

1 S Maxwell’s equation (Gauss’s law)

 
#1 rs D 1 n ẑ  D  ds  Q en
s
+ + + + 0
     
#2
h
 D  ds1   D  ds 2   D  ds 3   ds
s
s

2 ds 1ẑ
3 D 2 n ẑ ds 3  ẑ 
Assume h → 0
E2n
D 1 n S  D 2 n S  s S

Boundary condition for normal components D 1 n  D 2 n  s

 TANGENTIAL
E
COMPONENTS
1t
E1t E2t
1 2
#1
h Maxwell’s equation (Conservation of energy)
#2  
4
ℓ 3  E  d  0
E2t 0 0
2   3  4  1 
 E  d  E  d  E  d  E  d
1 2 3 4

Assume again h → 0

Boundary
condition
for tangential
E1t  E 2 t E 1t   E 2 t   0
components
 CONDUCTOR – FREE SPACE BOUNDARY
CONDITION
#1 Free space #2 Conductor
e0 e0

Boundary condition for normal components

0
D 1 n  D 2 n  s D 1 n  s
Boundary conditions
for conductor – free
space/dielectric
Boundary condition for tangential components
0
E1t  E 2 t E1t  E 2 t  0
 GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATION
Conductor Free space
+
+
+
Unit vector
+ normal to the
+ surface
+ 
D  s â n
+
+  s
E  â n
0
rs
 SUMMARIZED THE PRINCIPLES WHICH APPLY TO
CONDUCTORS IN ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS

• The static electric field intensity inside a conductor is

zero.
• The static electric field at the surface of a conductor is
everywhere directed normal to that surface.
• The conductor surface is an equipotential surface.
we should set up a boundary between a
conductor and free space (as shown in the
figure) showing tangential
and normal components of D and E on the
free-space side of the boundary. Both
fields are zero in the conductor. The
tangential field may be determined by
applying

around the small closed path . The integral must be broken up into four par

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 Remembering that E = 0 within the conductor, we let the length from a to
from b to c or d to a be h, and obtain

As we allow h to approach zero, keeping w small but finite, it makes no di

the normal fields are equal at a and b, for h causes theseproducts to be
Hence, = 0 and, therefore, .
The condition on the normal field is found most readily by considering ra
a small cylinder as the gaussian surface. Let the height be h and the area
faces be S. Again, we let h approach zero. Using Gauss’s law,

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we integrate over the three distinct
surfaces

and find that the last two are zero (for different
reasons). Then

or

These are the desired boundary conditions for the conductor-to-free-

space boundary in electrostatics,

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These are the desired boundary conditions for the conductor-to-free-
space boundary in electrostatics,

The electric flux leaves the conductor in a direction normal to the

surface, and the value of the electric flux density is numerically equal to
the surface charge density. The above equations can be more formally
expressed using the vector fields

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where n is the unit normal vector at the surface that points away from the
conductor, as shown in Figure , and where both operations are evaluated
at the conductor surface, s. Taking the cross product or the dot product of
either field quantity with n gives the tangential or the normal component
of the field, respectively.

An immediate and important consequence of a zero tangential

electric field intensity is the fact that a conductor surface is an
equipotential surface. The evaluation of the potential difference between
any two points on the surface by the line integral leads to a zero result,
because the path may be chosen on the surface itself where E · dL = 0.
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