sTATISTICs 9

Statistics
CLASS
by Mam DIANE
 Let's
Review!
 STATISTcs 9

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students must have:
define and illustrate the 3. differentiate
identify the
null hypothesis, Type I and Type II
alternative hypothesis, rejection and
non-rejection errors in claims
level of significance, and decisions.
rejection region, and regions and the
types of errors in critical values;
hypothesis testing; and
a b c
STATISTICS 9

Hypothesis
TESTIN
G
STATISTICS 9

Hypothesis Testing
It is a decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a
population. It is basically testing an
assumption that we can make
about a population.
STATISTICS 9

Hypothesis
is an assumption of
conjecture about a population
parameter which may or may
not be true. 
 
 Null Hypothesis
STATISTICS 9

• It is denoted by H0.
• It is the initial claim.
• It shows no significant difference, no
changes, nothing happened, no relationship
between two parameters.
• The independent variable has no effect on
the dependent variable.
• H0 : µ1= µ2
 Alternative Hypothesis
STATISTICS 9

• It is denoted by Ha or H1.
• It is the contrary to the null hypothesis.
• It shows that there is significant difference, an effect,
change, relationship between a parameter and specific
value.
• The independent variable has an effect on the dependent
variable.
• Ha : µ1≠ µ2
• Ha : µ1> µ2
• Ha : µ1< µ2
 
The average age of bus drivers in
Metro Manila is 38.8 years.

The average age of bus drivers in Metro

𝐻𝑜: _________________________
Manila is 38.8 years.
The average age of bus drivers in Metro Manila is
𝐻𝑎: _________________________
not 38.8 years.
The average number of calories of a
low calorie meal is at most 300.

The average number of calories of a low

𝐻𝑜: _________________________
calorie meal is equal to 300.
The average number of calories of a low calorie
𝐻𝑎: _________________________
meal is at most 300.
 Level of Significance
• The level of significance denoted by alpha or α
refers to the degree of significance in which we
accept or reject the null hypothesis.
• 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or
rejecting a hypothesis.
• The significance level α is also the probability of
making the wrong decision when the null
hypothesis is true.
 Level of Significance
Do you know that the most common levels of
significance used are 1%, 5%, or 10%?
• In public health research alpha is usually
0.01 or 1%. In social science, alpha is
usually 0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or 10% in
other studies.
 Level of Significance
In symbol, it is written as
α = 0.01 α = 0.05 α = 0.10
If the alternative hypothesis used ≠
then alpha will be divided by 2.
= 0.005 = 0.025 = 0.05
Take a look at this example.
Mariafe uses 5% level of significance in
proving that there is no significant change in
the average number of enrollees in the 10
sections for the last two years.
It means that the chance that the null
hypothesis (𝐻𝑜) would be rejected when it is
true is 5%.
α = 0.05 is the area under the normal curve
within the rejection region
Example 2.
In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of
population in 2015 were not married. A
researcher surveyed a random sample of 500
couples. He found out that 18% of them are living
together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance
level if the current percentage of unmarried
couples is different from 34%.
= = 0.025
TRY THIS!
An average construction worker hourly rate pay
in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with an standard
deviation of PHP 6.01. Construct a 90%
confidence interval that the average hourly rate
for construction workers is higher than the
average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.

= 0.10
TRY THIS!
Test the hypothesis at 0.01 level
of significance that the average
lifespan is higher than 48 months.

= 0.01
 Two- Tailed test vs. One-Tailed
When the alternative hypothesis is two-
Test
sided like 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0, it is called two-
tailed test.
When the given statistics hypothesis
assumes a less than or greater than
value, it is called one-tailed test.
Here are some examples.
The school registrar believes that
the average number of enrollees
this school year is not the same
as the previous school year.
In the given situation, let 𝜇0 be
the average number of enrollees
last year.
𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0
 𝑎2

𝑎 𝑎
2 2

If 𝐻𝑎 uses ≠, use a two- tailed test.

However, if the school registrar
believes that the average number of
enrollees this school year is less than
the previous school year, then you
will have:
𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 𝜇0
 𝑎2

Use the left-tailed test

when 𝐻a contains the symbol <.
 On the other hand, if the school
registrar believes that the average
number of enrollees this school year is
greater than the previous school year,
then you will have:
𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 𝜇0
 𝑎2

𝑎
a 2

Use the right-tailed test when 𝐻a

contains the symbol >.
TRY THIS!
The standard deviation of their
height is not equal to 5 inches.

test
STATISTICS 9

Thinking
hats
Mechanics:
• I will divide the class into 4 groups. Each group will form a circle
after listening to the mechanics of the game.
• The leader will assign a number in every member of their group.
• I will announce a number and a group name, for example:
number 4 of ______ and _______ group, the assigned students
by their leader will present his/her answer. Everyone can be a
representative of their group so everybody should be ready.
• There are SITUATIONS given and you’re going to state the null
and alternative hypothesis, level of significance and if you are
going to use left tailed test/right tailed test/ two tailed test.
Mechanics:
• Each group will have a 10 minutes brainstorming. A
time to reinstruct or discuss with your group mates
about what they need to do for a certain task.
• If all of the representatives are correct, the first one
who finished writing the answer and solutions on the
board (if necessary) will be given 4 points, 3 points for
the second finisher, 2 points for the third finisher and 1
point for the last group who finished the task.
• The group who is coaching their representative and
making noise will have a deduction.
DIRECTION: State the null and
the alternative hypotheses of the
following statements.
 Representative: No. 4
Group 2 vs. Group 4
The school librarian wants to find out if
there was an increase in the number of
students accessing the school library.
There was no increase in the number of
students accessing the school library.
𝐻𝑜: _________________________
There was an increase in the number of
students accessing the school library.
 Representative: No. 3
ALL
We want to test if it takes less than 60
minutes to answer the quarterly test in
Statistics.
It takes 60 minutes to answer the quarterly
𝐻𝑜: _________________________
test in Statistics
It takes less than 60 minutes to answer the
quarterly test in Statistics
𝐻 : _________________________
 Representative: No. 1
Group 1 vs. Group 2
The school want to test if the students in
Grade 7 prefer online distance learning as the
method of instruction.
𝐻𝑜: Grade 7 students prefer online distance
learning as the method of instructions.
𝐻𝑎: Grade 7 students did not prefer online
distance learning as the method of instructions.
 Representative: No. 5
Group 3 vs. Group 4
A medical test is conducted to determine
whether a new vaccine reduces or not
the complications of dengue fever.
The new vaccine reduces the
𝐻𝑜: _________________________
complications of dengue fever.
The new vaccine cannot reduce the
complications of dengue fever.
𝐻 : _________________________
DIRECTION: Determine the
level of significance in every
given situation.
 Representative: No. 7
ALL
Test the hypothesis at 93%
confidence interval that the average
number of years to finished basic
education is less than 14 years.
= 0.07
 Representative: No. 8
Group 2 vs. Group 3
Test the average number of private
school students that will transfer to
public school is not 40% at 5% level
of significance.

= 0.025
 Representative: No. 6
Group 1 vs. Group 4
A principal at a certain school claims that
the students in his school has different IQ
level. Construct a 94% confidence level to
determine whether there is sufficient
evidence to support the principal claim?
= 0.03
 Representative: No. 4
ALL
Suppose a delivery company claims
they deliver their packages in two
days on average, and you suspect it’s
longer than that. Test the hypothesis
at 0.05 significance level
= 0.05
DIRECTION: Determine if
one-tailed test or two-
tailed test fits the given
alternative hypothesis.
 Representative: No. 2
Group 2 vs. Group 4

Male Grade 7 and Grade 12

students differ in height on
average.
test
 Representative: No. 5
Group 1 vs. Group 2

The mean height of Grade 9

students is less than 68 inches
test
Left - tailed test
 Representative: No. 3
Group 3 vs. Group 4
The proportion of senior male
students’ height is significantly
higher than that of senior female
students.
test
 Representative: No. 8
Group 1 vs. Group 4
The average viewing time of male
kids age 5-8 is not the same as
the female kids.

test
 Representative: No. 6
Group 2 vs. Group 3
The average grade of Grade 11
students in Statistics is lower
than their average grade in
Calculus.
test
 Representative: No. 2
ALL
The proportion of TVL students is
significantly higher than
Academic students.

test
 Representative: No. 1
ALL
The average income of
professionals who finished a 5-year
course is different from
professionals who finished a 4-year
course.
test
CONGRATULATIONS
!
QUIZ 4.2
Statistics
I. Direction: Complete the statement with a correct
word or phrase.
1. Hypothesis testing is a ___________ process for
evaluating claims about a population.
2. ___________ is an assumption of conjecture about a
population parameter which may or may not be true. 
3. The _______________ is a statement of NO CHANGE, NO
EFFECT, NO DIFFERENCE.
4. The ______________ is a statement we are trying to find
evidence to support.
5. The _________________ is also the probability of making
the wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true.
II. State the null and the alternative hypotheses of the following
statements.
1. We want to test whether the general average of students in Math is
different from 80%.
𝐻𝑜: _________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: _________________________________________________
2. We want to test whether the mean height of Grade 8 students is 58
inches.
𝐻𝑜: _________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: _________________________________________________
3. We want to test if LPIHS students take more than four years to
graduate from high school, on the average.
𝐻𝑜: _________________________________________________
 Determine the level of significance in every given
II.
situation.
1. Test the hypothesis at 0.04 level of significance that the
average lifespan is not equal to 48 months.
2. Test at 5% significance level if the current percentage of
unmarried couples is more than34%.
3. Construct a 95 % confidence interval that the average
hourly rate for construction workers is not the same as the
average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
4. Dylan uses 10 % level of significance in proving that the
average number of years to finish basic education is less
III. DIRECTION: Determine if one-tailed test or two-
tailed test fits the given alternative hypothesis.
1. The newly found vaccine reduces the risks of viral infections of
the patients.
2. The enrolment in elementary schools is not the same as the
enrolment in the secondary schools.
3. Male adolescents have higher intelligence quotient level than the
female adolescents.
4. The average number of internet users this year is significantly
higher as compared last year.
5. Paracetamol and Ibuprofen have the same rate of time to reduce
the headache of the patients.
Illustration of the Rejection Region
 The rejection region (or critical region) is
the set of all values of the test statistic that
causes us to reject the null hypothesis.
✓ The non-rejection region (or acceptance
region) is the set of all values of the test
statistic that causes us to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
 Illustration of the Rejection
✓ The critical value is a point
Region
(boundary) on the test distribution
that is compared to the test statistic
to determine if the null hypothesis
would be rejected.
Non rejection region Rejection region

𝑎2

Critical Value
Illustrative Example 1:

Sketch the rejection region of

the test hypothesis .
Two-tailed test where 𝝈 is
unknown, 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, and 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎
Rejection region Non rejection region/ Rejection region
Acceptance region

𝑎2

critical value critical value

𝒕 = -𝟐. 𝟐𝟔? 𝒕 = +𝟐. 𝟐𝟔?
Try this:
For a two-tailed test with variance
unknown, n= 19, and 𝛼 = 0.05, what
is the critical value. Sketch the
rejection region of the test hypothesis
𝑡 = ±2.101
Illustrative Example 2:

Sketch the rejection region of the

test hypothesis with critical values of
±1.753
Solution:
Draw a t-distribution curve. Since there are
two critical values, it is a two tailed test.
Locate the critical values and shade the
rejection regions.

-1.753 1.753
(critical value) (critical value)
Illustrative Example 2:

Determine if the computed t-value of –

1.52 lies in the rejection or acceptance
region.
Solution:
Now, locate the computed t-value
of –1.52.
– 1.52

-1.753 1.753
(critical value) (critical value)
Illustrative Example 2:

Are you going to accept or reject the null

hypothesis?
Solution:
The computed t-value is at the non-rejection region.
Therefore, we accept the null hypothesis meaning we fail
to reject the null hypothesis, 𝐻𝑜.

– 1.52

-1.753 1.753
(critical value) (critical value)
Try This:
Given a left-tailed test, population
standard deviation is unknown, 𝑛 =
27, 𝛼 = 0.01, what is the
critical value? Sketch the graph.
𝑡 = −2.479
Try this:
For a two-tailed test with a sample size
of 40, the null hypothesis will be
rejected at 5% level of significance if the
test statistic is ______. Sketch the
graph. z = ±1.960
Illustrative Example :
If the computed z-value is 1.915
and the critical value is 1.812, what
will be the decision?
Decision: It lies in the rejection
region, 𝐻𝑜 must be rejected.
Illustrative Example :
A survey reports a customer in the drive thru lane
of one fast food chain spends eight minutes to wait
for his/her order. A sample of 24 customers at the
drive thru lane showed a mean of 7.5 minutes with a
standard deviation of 3.2 minutes. Is the waiting
time at the drive thru lane less than that of the
survey made? Use 0.05 significance level.
Hypotheses Hypothesis Population Level of Number z-
Test Standard Significance of value
Known/ Sample or t-
Unknown value

𝑯𝑶: 𝝁 = 𝟖, left-tailed 𝛔 is 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒏 = 𝟐𝟒 t-
𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 < 𝟖, test unknown. value
Illustrative Example 4:
A banana company claims that the mean
weight of its banana is 150 grams with a
standard deviation of 18 grams. Data generated
from a sample of 49 bananas randomly selected
indicated a mean weight of 153.5 grams per
banana. Is there sufficient evidence to reject the
company’s claim? Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
Hypotheses Hypothesis Population Level of Number z-
Test Standard Significance of value
Known/ Sample or t-
Unknown value

𝑯𝑶: 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 two-tailed 𝛔 is 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒏 = 49 z-

𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟓𝟎 test known. value
Illustrative Example 5:
Analyze the situation below and answer the questions
that follow.
According to a survey, the average daily usage of
social media worldwide of global internet users amounts
to 142 minutes per day. Sofia conducts her own survey
among her friends to find out if their time spent on
social media is significantly higher than the global
survey.
Before her survey, she formulated the following
claims:
Claim A: The average daily usage of social media
of her friends is the same as the global average
usage.
Claim B: The average daily usage of social media
of her friends is higher than the global average
usage.
Friend’s Name
Sample Mean = 152

Sample Standard deviation = 19.855

Now, let’s take a look at Ryanna’s
first claim. She assumed that the
Average online usage of her
friends is the same as the global
usage (𝐻𝑜).
 T- Value
She computed for the t value using the formula t =
where 𝜇 = 142, 𝑥=152, s = 19.855, and n = 10.
𝑎2

t=
t=
t = 1.593
 Critical
From the table of t-values,
Value
determine the critical
𝑎2

value. Use df = n-1 = 9,

one-tailed test at 5% level
of significance.
The critical t-value is
1.833. How did we get
that value? Look at this
illustration!
Sketch of a t Distribution Curve

Rejection
Region
Non-Rejection Region

1.593 1.833
(Computed Value) (Critical Value)
 As you can see from your previous
illustration, the computed t- value of
1.593 is at the left of the critical value
1.833. So, in which region do you think
the computed value falls?
𝐻𝑜: The average online
usage of her friends is the The computed We fail to
same as the global usage. t-value is at the reject the
non-rejection Null
region. hypothesis,
𝐻𝑎: The average online 𝐻𝑜.
usage of her friends is
higher than the global
usage
Thank you
For
listening!