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Introduction To Sensors1

This document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as an element that produces a signal relating to a measured physical quantity, and a transducer as an element that experiences a related change when subject to some physical change. Thus, sensors are a type of transducer. It classifies transducers as either active or passive, and discusses various factors to consider when selecting sensors, such as accuracy, sensitivity, range, response time, and environmental conditions. It also defines and explains various performance characteristics of sensors, including static characteristics like accuracy and dynamic characteristics like response time.

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Srinivasan V P
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views

Introduction To Sensors1

This document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as an element that produces a signal relating to a measured physical quantity, and a transducer as an element that experiences a related change when subject to some physical change. Thus, sensors are a type of transducer. It classifies transducers as either active or passive, and discusses various factors to consider when selecting sensors, such as accuracy, sensitivity, range, response time, and environmental conditions. It also defines and explains various performance characteristics of sensors, including static characteristics like accuracy and dynamic characteristics like response time.

Uploaded by

Srinivasan V P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SENSORS &

TRANSDUCERS
What is transducer?
Non-electrical physical quantity: temperature,
sound or light

Electrical signal
DEFINITION
• SENSORS :The term sensor is used for
an element which produces a signal
relating to the quantity being measured
• E.g.: temperature -> resistance
• TRANSDUCERS are defined as
elements that when subject to some
physical change experience a related
change
• THUS SENSORS ARE TRANSDUCERS
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Definition
– A device which provides a usable output in
response to a specified measurand

• A sensor acquires a physical parameter and


converts it into a signal suitable for processing
(e.g. optical, electrical, mechanical)

• A transducer
– Microphone, Loud Speaker, Biological Senses
(e.g. touch
Detectable
Stimulus
Phenomenon
Quantity
Acoustic Wave (amplitude, phase, polarization), Spectrum,
Wave
Velocity
Biological & Chemical Fluid Concentrations (Gas or Liquid)

Electric Charge, Voltage, Current, Electric Field (amplitude,


phase,
polarization), Conductivity, Permittivity

Magnetic Magnetic Field (amplitude, phase, polarization),


Flux,
Permeability

Optical Refractive Index, Reflectivity, Absorption

Thermal Temperature, Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal


Conductivity

Mechanical Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Strain,


Stress,
Pressure, Torque
Need for Sensors
• Sensors are omnipresent. They
embedded in our bodies, automobiles,
airplanes, cellular telephones, radios,
chemical plants, industrial plants and
countless other applications.

• Without the use of sensors, there


would be no automation !!
CLASSIFICATION
1.ACTIVE TRANSDUCERS - thermocouple
- self generating type
- develop their own voltage or current
2.PASSIVE TRANSDUCERS - resistance
thermometer
- externally powered transducers
- derive power required for the energy
conversion from an external power
source
SELECTION OF
SENSORS
Choosing a Sensor
 Accuracy  Calibration
 Precision  Cost
 Sensitivity  Nature of output
 Operating range  Linearity
 Resolution  Environmental
 Speed response conditions
 Reliability  Interfacing
 Size & weight
Performance
Characteristics of
Sensors and Actuators
PERFORMANCE
TERMINOLOGY

STATIC DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE

IMPEDANCE SPAN

RESOLUTION ERROR

STATIC
STABILITY ACCURACY
CHARACTERIST

REPEATABILITY SENSITIVITY

NON
HYSTERRESIS
LINEARITY
LINEARITY
SETTING
TIME

RISE DYNAMIC TIME


TIME CHARACTERISTICS CONSTANT

RESPONSE
TIME
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
• Parameters of a system
• More or less constant
• Varying very slowly with
time
1.RANGE
• Sensor works with certain maximum &
minimum range
• If it overcomes means it will be
damaged
• Example:
• Thermocouple —100’C to 1260’c
2.SPAN
• Highest input value given to sensor
• Difference between Max & Min values
of quantity to be measured

• SPAN = MEASURED VALUE – TRUE


INPUT VALUE
3.ERROR
• ERROR =

MEASURED VALUE – TRUE


INPUT VALUE
4. ACCURACY
• Highly accurate sensor produces
low errors
• Ratio of the highest deviation of a
value represented by the sensor to
the ideal value
5.SENSITIVITY
• Change in output / change in
input
6.HYSTERESIS
• Max differences in output for a
given input
• Phenomenon which shows
different outputs when loading &
unloading
• Both loading & unloading curves
do not coincide
10.HYSTERESIS
• 7.LINEARITY • 8.NON-LINEARITY

• Output is directly • Output is directly


proportional to proportional to
input over its input over its
entire range entire range
• REPEATABILITY • REPRODUCIBILITY

• Ability of sensor • Degree of


to give same closeness among
output reading the repeated
when same input measurements of
value is applied output
repeatedly • Under same
• Under the same operating
operation conditions
conditions
• STABILITY • DEAD BAND/TIME

• Under constant • Range of input


input values for which
instrument does not
• Ability of the response
sensor to indicate • Time taken by the
the same output sensor from
over a period of application of input
time to begin its
response & change
RESOLUTION
• Smallest change that can be
detected by the sensor
• Minimum value of input required to
cause a change in the output
• ZERO DRIFT • OUTPUT
IMPEDANCE

• Variation of • Ratio of voltage &


change in output current flow for a
for a given input sensor
over a period of
time
DYNAMIC SYSTEM
• Any system that changes with
time is called dynamic
characteristics
• sensors respond to inputs that
change with time
1.RESPONSE TIME
• Time taken by a sensor to
approach its true output
• When subjected to step input
2. TIME CONSTANT
• Time taken by the system to reach
63.2% of its final output
3.SETTING TIME
• Time taken by a sensor to be
within a close range of its steady
state value

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