TRANSMISSION MEDIA

(Wireless)
Dr. SUHAIL Q. MIR
[email protected]

Open Elective
Directorate of Information Technology & Support Systems
University of Kashmir
 Electromagnetic spectrum for Transmission Media

Power and
telephone

0
Electromagnetic spectrum for Transmission Media
An Electromagnetic wave
An Electromagnetic wave

An Electromagnetic wave
Wireless Signals Work on the
Principle Of
Electro Magnetic Induction
Transmitting and receiving antenna
Signal Transmission at the Transmitter (TX)
 Signal Reception at the Receiver (RX)

Animated diagram of a half-wave dipole antenna receiving energy from a radio wave. The antenna
consists of two metal rods connected to a receiver R. The electric field (E, green arrows) of the
incoming wave pushes the electrons in the rods back and forth, charging the ends alternately
positive (+) and negative (−).
 Some Wireless Technologies

Bluetooth

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Bluetooth is a technology that connects two devices, used for exchanging data
between the devices over short distances using UHF radio waves in the radio
bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz, and building personal area networks
(PANs).
 Some Wireless Technologies
WiFi (Wireless Fidility)

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Wifi dwidth to blue
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WiFi is a universal wireless networking technology that utilizes radio frequencies

to transfer data. Wi-Fi is a family of wireless network protocols, it is the IEEE
802.11 family of standards, which are commonly used for local area networking of
devices and Internet access.
 Some Wireless Technologies
HotSpot

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WiFi hotspots are internet access points that allow you to connect to a WiFi
network using your computer, smartphone or another device while away from
your home or office network. We have public hotspots (Just like wifi) and private
hotspots (often called as tethering, in mobile phones)
Speed Comparisions

Wi-Fi
Antenna configurations 

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Antenna Structures
in Wireless Systems

17
18
Massive MIMO (5G & Beyond)
The relationship between an Antenna size and Frequency is Inversely Proportional. Smaller antennas size
means higher frequency. The smaller antenna size makes it possible to have a lot of transmitters and receivers
installed in a cell or panel. A panel in a cell will roughly contain 100 antennas

19
Antenna Types

1)Omnidirectional Antenna
2)Unidirectional Antenna or Directional Antenna
Omnidirectional Antennas Radiate Signals Unidirectional Antennas or
in all directions. Directional antennas Or Parabolic
Antennas Radiate Signals in a
Omnidirectional antennas are
widely used for radio
particular direction.
broadcasting antennas, and in in applications
mobile devices that use radio such as microwave
such as cell phones, FM radios, relay links that
walkie-talkies, wireless carry telephone
computer networks, cordless and television
phones, GPS
signals between
nearby cities,
wireless WAN/LAN
links for data
communications,
satellite
communications
The other large use of parabolic and spacecraft
antennas is for radar antennas, communication
antennas.
 UniDirectional Antenna
Principle of Opereation
UniDirectional Antenna
Wireless Propagation
Wireless Signal propagation is the behavior of Electromagnetic Electromagnetic
waves when they are transmitted, or propagated from one point on the waves are affected
by the phenomena
Earth to another, or into various parts of the atmosphere. of reflection,,
diffraction,
absorption, and
scattering
Ground Wave Signal Propagation
Sky Wave Signal Propagation
Line of Sight Signal Propagation
 MICROWAVE

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular

telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.

Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate walls.

TERRESTRIAL MIRCOWAVE
SATELLITE MICROWAVE
 Terrestrial Microwave
used for long distance telecommunications
and short point-to-point links,

use a parabolic dish to focus a narrow beam onto

a receiver antenna
SATELLITE Microwave
Cell Phone Tower Radiation Pattern

How wireless Signals look like ?

How wireless Signals look like ?
How wireless Signals look like ?
How wireless Signals look like ?
Some Omnidirectional Antennas:
Monopole Antenna
Some Omnidirectional Antennas:
Whip Antenna
Some Omnidirectional Antennas:
Rubber Ducky
Some Omnidirectional Antennas:
Discone Antenna
Some Omnidirectional Antennas:
Loop Antenna
Some Omnidirectional Antennas:
In Apple I Phone
Some Omnidirectional Antennas:
Laptop (IBM Tinkpad)
Some Parabolic Antennas:
Some Parabolic Antennas:
Horn Antenna:
Some Parabolic Antennas:
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