Lesson 2:

TEXT STRUCTURE
MOTIVATION ACTIVITY

REMEMBER ME, FIX ME!

 Directions:

In ¼ sheet of paper, recall your

previous lesson and arrange the
scrambled letters to form the
correct answer.
9-10.
What is the difference between
Academic Language and Social
Language?
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected
to achieve the following objectives:

1. Identify the different structures of a text;

2. Determine the text structure used in a text;
3. Create a graphic organizer appropriate for the text
structure employed in a text; and
4. Relate the acquired information in one’s life
experience.
 Chronological
Order

is also known as time order. This

structure is organized from one
point in time to another .
 Grammatical Signals to Introduce
Chronological order

After At last during

Afterward before earlier
At that moment By that time First
From Then on Later
Meanwhile Next Presently
Since Second Soon
Afterward The next day Then
When While Within an hour
EXAMPLE
There is much preparation to be done before hunting season arrives.
First, hunters must obtain their deer or elk tags from the Department
of Wildlife which allows them to legally kill these animals. Then they
must consult their calendars, ask for time off of work, request
assignments from teachers like Mrs. B, and determine where they
will go to hunt. Finally, because big game live in the wilderness,
sportsmen must prepare to keep warm during many days outside by
gathering their warm coats, woolen socks, hats and gloves. To most
hunters, thankfully, the groundwork is just as exciting as the hunt
 Sequence

Steps described in the order they

occur. It does not take place in a
specific point in time.
Grammatical Signals to Introduce
Sequence

first next second

meanwhile suddenly last
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 Graphic
Organizer
visually represents ideas, concepts,
and relationships between various
components.
 Cause- Effect

This structure shows how one or causes led to

one or more effects. Many texts do not
include just one cause leading to one effect–
instead, there may be several causes and
several effects.
 Grammatical Signals to Introduce
Cause- Effect

because so So that
consequently thus As a result of
therefore Due to nevertheless
accordingly For the reason As a consequence of
hence therefore The cause of
EXAMPLE
Headaches can have several causes. One obvious cause is stress.
People have hectic lives and frequently have multiple stressors
everyday, like work, family and money. Another reason for
headaches in some people has to do with diet. Some get headaches
because they are dependent on caffeine. Other people may be
allergic to salt, or they may have low blood sugar. The environment
can also cause this uncomfortable condition. Allergens such as
household chemicals including polishes, waxes, bug killers, and
paint can lead to headaches. Lowering stress, controlling your diet
and avoiding allergens can help avoid headaches.
EXAMPLE
 Problem-Solution

The text structure presents a problem and

shows how it can be (or has been) solved. The
key difference between cause-effect and
problem-solution is that the latter always
presents a solution while the former does not.
 Grammatical Signals to Introduce
Problem-Solution

because cause since

In order to So that As a solution
possibility As a result of consequently
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 Compare-Contrast

This text structure shows how two or more ideas

or items are similar or different. The text may
use a clustered approach, with details about one
topic followed by details about the other. It may
also show an alternating approach, with the
author going back between the two topics
 Grammatical Signals to Introduce
Compare -Contrast

like Similar to unlike

Compared to In contrast although
despite regardless however
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 Exemplification/
Classification
• An exemplification paragraph develops a general
statement--the topic sentence—with one or more
specific examples.

• A classification paragraph divides things into

groups, classes, or categories. It also organizes
ideas into divisions based on criteria or standards.
EXAMPLE
People looking to lose weight have a few options: exercise,
diet, weight loss pills, or surgery. Exercising involves going to a
gym, working out at home, or joining some sort of class or
sports team. Dieting often involves strict management of what
one eats in order to lose, gain or maintain weight. Weight loss
pills can help individuals who have difficulty losing weight by
reducing appetite, reducing fat absorption or increasing fat
burning. A person can lose weight by combining the pills with
other methods such as diet or exercise. Individuals who are
severely overweight can talk to a doctor about having surgery
to help them to lose the weight that they need.
EXAMPLE
 Persuasion

This text structure convinces

readers to agree to an argument or
claim about a topic.
Grammatical Signals to Introduce
Persuasion

first next second

meanwhile suddenly Last
For example As an illustration In particular
EXAMPLE
So, your child has been in front of a screen for eight hours! Is it
time to panic? Many people think it's important to monitor and
enforce children's time in front of a screen. While kids shouldn't
spend too much time consuming mindless media, there are
times when screen time simply doesn't matter. First off,
calculating screen time as a fixed number can cause kids to
ditch good content for bad. Secondly, there are several
instances where being in front of a screen shouldn't count as
screen time. Finally, if a child is learning valuable content, the
easing of screen time restrictions is correct because it's the
world we live in currently. Screen time is a very subjective topic,
and I believe it shouldn't be calculated for everything involving a
screen.
How does Text Structure help
reader?
• Research shows that efficient searchers use the
structure of the text to help them find specific
information and make and interpret arguments.

• The structure of a text can helps readers find

answers to questions, as well.

• Text structure is also an important component to

summarizing.
 EXERCISES
Directions: Read the following passages and identify
the text structure being used. Choose your answer
from the box. Write your answer on a 1/4 sheet of
paper.
Chronological Order Compare-Contrast
Sequence Exemplification/Classification
Cause-Effect Persuasion
Problem-Solution
1. Many people are confused about why our economy went to
shambles in 2008. The crisis was the result of a combination of many
complex factors. First, easy credit conditions allowed people who were
high-risk or unworthy of credit to borrow, and even people who had no
income were eligible for large loans. Second, banks would bundle
these toxic loans and sell them as packages on the financial market.
Third, large insurance firms backed these packages, misrepresenting
these high-risk loans as safe investments. Fourth, because of the ease
of acquiring credit and the rapid growth in the housing market, people
were buying two or three houses, intending to sell them for more than
they paid. All of these factors created bubbles of speculation. These
bubbles burst, sending the whole market into a downward spiral,
causing employers to lose capital and lay off employees. Consumer
spending then plummeted, and most businesses suffered. The
economy is like a big boat, and once it gets moving quickly in the
wrong direction, it’s hard to turn it around.
2. All matter, all things can be changed in two ways: chemically
and physically. Both chemical and physical changes affect the
state of matter. Physical changes are those that do not change
the make-up or identity of the matter. For example, clay will
bend or flatten if squeezed, but it will still be clay. Changing the
shape of clay is a physical change and does not change the
matter’s identity. Chemical changes turn the matter into a new
kind of matter with different properties. For example, when paper
is burnt, it becomes ash and will never be paper again. The
difference between them is that physical changes are temporary
or only last for a little while, and chemical changes are
permanent, which means they last forever. Physical and
chemical changes both affect the state of matter
3. During the Revolutionary War, Americans learned just how
important friends can be. When the Americans declared
independence on July 4, 1776, they had virtually no allies.
But on February 6,1778, after the American victory at
Saratoga, the French assisted the American cause. The
French went into deep debt helping the Americans. The
Americans would receive additional help in June of 1779,
when the Spanish joined the fight against the British. They
would secure Southern ports and supply lines. Without the
help of these allies, many more Americans would have died
in the fight for independence
4. From airplanes to forklifts, hydraulic power is the
strength behind many amazing technologies that
affect our daily lives, even the breaks on your school
bus, but how do they work? First, fluid is rapidly
released into a chamber through a valve. As the fluid
collect, the valve is slammed shut which causes a
pressure spike. Because the chamber is sealed, the
pressure has nowhere to go. The hydraulic
mechanism channels the pressure and provides great
power.
5. Having good attendance is important because
attendance determines the school’s funding. Some
students have poor attendance, and the school has
tried many ways of addressing this: teachers have
talked to parents on the phone and the school has
mailed letters. Yet, some students still maintain poor
attendance. Next, the staff will attempt to schedule
parent/teacher/administrator conferences with
students who are habitually absent. Hopefully, this will
help more students get to school everyday
6. Different students attend various types of schools; however,
they can usually be classified as either public, private religious,
private non religious, or alternative. Public schools are funded by
the state, and the majority of students in the United States attend
them. Private religious schools are based around a particular faith,
such as Catholicism, Judaism, and so forth. The religion is part of
the everyday lives of the students and they also learn about the
faiths. All types of private schools do not receive state funding.
Therefore, private non-religious schools are simply just that:
schools which do not receive state funding and have the ability to
make their own rules. Alternative schools can be made up of a
variety of different categories, such as the Montessori program or
technical schools. Most students who attend class in an actual
school building go to one of these types of institution
7. Due to the increasing number of population in
the community, the volume of garbage has
drastically increased as well. This has greatly
concerned the people living near the riverbanks.
This has put their health in great jeopardy; thus,
the residents of Barangay Maligaya urge the
local officials to investigate this issue in order to
prevent health problems that threat the well-
being of the residents
 Assignment
Directions: Identify how the information in the text is
organized. Using Microsoft office word, create an
appropriate graphic organizer of your choice that
highlights the author’s idea about competition and
cooperation.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING! Do you have any questions?
 Common Text Structure

What is a text structure?

A text structure refers to the internal organization of a
text. According to Meyer (1985), as authors write a text a
text to communicate an idea, they will use a structure that
goes along with the idea.