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CH 21.2 The Vascular System Edited

Here are the key differences between diffusion and osmosis based on the information provided: - Diffusion (green arrows) refers to the passive movement of sugar molecules from high concentration areas in the source to lower concentration areas in the sink. - Osmosis (blue arrows) refers to the passive movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration (xylem) to higher solute concentration (phloem near source). This occurs due to the active transport of sugars into the phloem creating a concentration gradient. - Both diffusion of sugars and osmosis of water are passive processes driven by concentration gradients established via active transport of sugars into the phloem

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100 views29 pages

CH 21.2 The Vascular System Edited

Here are the key differences between diffusion and osmosis based on the information provided: - Diffusion (green arrows) refers to the passive movement of sugar molecules from high concentration areas in the source to lower concentration areas in the sink. - Osmosis (blue arrows) refers to the passive movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration (xylem) to higher solute concentration (phloem near source). This occurs due to the active transport of sugars into the phloem creating a concentration gradient. - Both diffusion of sugars and osmosis of water are passive processes driven by concentration gradients established via active transport of sugars into the phloem

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You are on page 1/ 29

The Vascular

System
Chapter 21.2 Page
603
Page 603
First
paragraph

All what you know about


 It is one type of vascular tissue.
 Water and dissolved minerals move up from the roots to the
rest of the plant.
 It is a complex tissue as it is made up of many types of
cells.
 It has other types of cells other than parenchyma,
collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells

Xylem
Other Cell Types in Xylem

Tracheid Vessel elements


 They are long and narrow,  It is found in some types
they lie end to end of vascular plants, like
throughout the xylem. most flowering plants.
 Water can flow from cell to  They are shorter and
cell in tracheid through wider than tracheid
opening in the thick cell wall
(pits)

 Both types mature and die before water


moves through them.

 When a vessel element die the cell walls


disintegrate from both ends, then the cells
connect end to end forming long tubes.
plant?
Energy Capillary action ATP

Adhesion Squeezing
Cohesion Pumping
Transpiration
Bending Absorption
Properties of Water Molecule

7
Water Polarity

8
Properties of
Water
The polarity of water affects how water molecules interact with one
another and with other types of molecules

9
Cohesion
﹡ Water molecules hold each other together, because
of the tendency of hydrogen bonds to form between
water molecules.

Polarity

10
Adhesion

﹡ Water molecules can also form hydrogen bonds with other substances.

11
How does the water travel
What do you
through the plant? think about the
polarity of the
xylem walls?

B
Cohesion
Tension Theory
 The physical properties of water allow the rise
of water through the plant.

 This is based on the strong attraction of water


molecules to one another and to other
surfaces.

 Cohesion and adhesion create tension that


move water upwards
Water in a tube is concave due to adhesion
Concave with the walls of the tube (xylem) Convex

The tendency of water to raise in a hollow


tube is called capillary action

It is what makes the water rise above the


ground level in the xylem
Driving forces for Water 

1- Absorption 2- Capillary action


Water in the soil It helps the water
are pulled into the rise above the
roots through the ground level
cell walls TRANSPIRATION
and (not enough force)
plasmodesmata It is the main
driving force for
water flow

Cohesion 4- Adhesion
Hold the water It creates tension
molecules with the xylem
together that helps move
through the water
hydrogen upwards
bonding
Transpiration

 Upward force is caused by evaporation of water from leaves,


this process is called transpiration.
 As leaves transpire, the outward flow of water lowers the
pressure in the leaf xylem creating a vacuum that pulls water
upwards.
 This force is responsible for most of the water flow in the plants,
including lifting water to the top of the trees.
DESKTOP
SOFTWAR
E
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Phloem
Phloem
 The second vascular tissue of a plant.

 It carries plant nutrients, including minerals and


sugars, throughout the plant.
 It moves the products of photosynthesis out of the
leaves to stem and roots.

 Minerals that moves through the xylem can also


move into the phloem through secialized parnchyma
cells.

 Unlike xylem, phloem is mostly made of tissue that is


alive.
Page 605
2nd Compare between sieve tube elements
paragraph
and companion cells
Type of cell Sieve tube element Companion cell

Structure

Organelles

Function
Seive tube elements Phloem
 Phloem is a complex tissue made mostly of cells
called seive tube elements, they have small holes in
the end of their cells.

 These holes let fluids or sap flow through the plant.

 As they form, seive tube elements lose their nuclei


and ribosomes.

 Each seive tube element is next to a companion cells.

 Because companin cells keep all their organells so


they perform some functions for the mature seive
tube.

 In some plants, the companion cells help load sugars


into the seive tube

How are seive tube elements and companion cells


connected?
Pressure flow model
 Phloem sap can move in any direction, depending on the
plants.

 Phloem sap moves from sugar source to sugar sink.

 A source is any part of the plant that has a high


concentrarion of sugar (most commonly the leaves, but it
can be sometimes a place where sugar has been stored)

 A sink is a part of the plant that using or storing sugar


(such as growing shoots and stems, a fruit or even the
storage roots that will act as.

 Roots can act as a sink (storage roots), then it can act as a


sugar source as the plant grows and the seasons change.
https://www.liveworksheets.com/lq1505005vj
What will happen in
each of the following
A
cases:

Semipermeable
membrane
DESKTOP
SOFTWAR
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Which arrows
shows diffusion
and which arrows
show osmosis ATPThe overall
is used to
 Sugar moves by diffusion from load sugar to
source to sink, but it needs water results in higher
the phloem
to flow in it. pressure
vessels at the
 Water moves from the xylem to source and low
the phloem near the source by
osmosis due to the high pressure at the
concentration of sugar there. sink end, this
 This active loading of sugars and difference in
passive flow of water by osmosis pressure keeps
creates high pressure at the sugar
source.
theATPsugary
is also sap
used to load
 At the same time sugar flowing in one
sugar to the
concentration is lessened as direction.
sink
sugar actively unload into the
sink.

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