Module 1- Digital Systems & Binary Numbers

Chapter 1

Introduction to Digital Systems

 Digital Circuits are Everywhere

Communications
Multi-media
Manufacturing
Consumer electronics
Health care
(Source: R. Tummala, IEEE Spectrum, June 2006)
Defense and security
Software
Automotive, etc
 Life Changers

Of these 30 innovations , 10 are

directly related to advances in
Digital Logic and Solid State
Circuits;

Another 8 are the indirect

results of ICs.

See artilcel at: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2163

Deals with building blocks of digital
systems
?

(Intel)
 CS201
• Introduction to modern logic design
and digital building blocks:
– Digital circuits, Logic design and Micro-
operations
• Focus on how to design and build
Digital Systems:
– From simple gates to more complex
building blocks.
• Learn modern tools to design digital
circuits. XC4000 XC4000 XC4000
Course Assessment and Evaluation
• Assignment/Quizzes 15%
• Midterm Exam 25%
• Laboratory 10%
• Final Lab Exam 10%
• Final Exam 40 %
 Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary
continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
 Analog Signals

A waveform that continually varies in a certain manner

is classified as an analog signal.

Examples:
•Sine waves
•Audio waves
•Amplitude modulated (AM) signals
•Frequency modulated (FM) signals
 Digital Signals

A waveform that represents a sequence of discrete

values (1’s and 0’s) is called a digital signal.

Bit streams are found in telecommunications,

computers, and other data system applications.
Analog Systems
 Analog and Digital Systems
Many systems use a mix of analog and digital circuits to utilize the
advantages of each. A typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD
drive and converts it to an analog signal for amplification.
 Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which
are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
HIGH
In binary, a single number is (binary 1)
called a bit (for binary digit). A VH(min)

bit can have the value of either Unacceptable

VL(max)
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the
LOW
voltage is HIGH or LOW. (binary 0)
VL(min)
1. Number Systems
 Common Number Systems
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
 Quantities/Counting
Hexa- Hexa-
Deci Binary Octal decimal Deci Binary Octal decimal
mal mal
0 0 0 0 8 1000 10 8
1 1 1 1 9 1001 11 9
2 10 2 2 10 1010 12 A
3 11 3 3 11 1011 13 B
4 100 4 4 12 1100 14 C
5 101 5 5 13 1101 15 D
6 110 6 6 14 1110 16 E
7 111 7 7 15 1111 17 F
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Next slide…
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base
 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder LSB (least-significant bit)
– Etc.
 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
31 0
2
2 15 1
7 1
2
3 1
2
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
19 2
8
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
77 2
16
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits
 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits
 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF
 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
 Common Powers (1 of 2)
• Base 10 Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro μ .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000
 Common Powers (2 of 2)
• Base 2 Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?

• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,
the base-2 interpretation generally
applies
Example
In the lab…
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =
 Exercise – Free Space
• Determine the “free space” on all drives on a
machine in the lab
Free space
Drive Bytes GB

A:
C:
D:
E:
etc.
 Fractions
• Decimal to decimal (just for fun)

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14
 Fractions
• Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875

pp. 46-50
 Fractions
• Decimal to binary x
.14579
2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.

p. 50
 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82
Thank you