1

DEFINITION
OF TERMS
ELECTRICAL
INTRODUCTION 2

TO ELECTRICITY
AR. GENESIS MORALES
Electricity is a necessity in human's daily activity. 3

From the simplest household to the more elaborate

dwellings, complex offices and even to the most
sophisticated buildings, ELECTRICTY is a basic need
for human comfort.

This subjects contains information of various

materials, accessories, principles with technical data
for ready reference.
CHAPTER· 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY
1. ELECTRICITY 4

2. DEFINITION OF TERMS
3. ELECTRIC CURRENT
4. COMPARISON OF AC AND DC ELECTRICITY
5. THE OHMS LAW
6. SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT
7. VOLT TRANSFORMATION
8. POWER AND ENERGY
9. VOLTAGE AND VOLTAGE DROP
 • Electricity is one of the most
useful discovery of man
which paved the way to the
numerous inventions from
the simple tools to the most
sophisticated discoveries
making what originally
seemed to be impossible to
ELECTRICIT become a reality.
Y
Discovered accidentally
By the Ancient Greeks 6

Sometime In 600 B.C;

However, The Title Of
“Father Of Electricity" was
accredited to William
Gilbert, an English
physicist after publishing
his studies. On the
"Electric Attraction” and
"The Electric Force."
 7

• Electricity is a form of
energy generated by
friction, induction or
chemical change, having
magnetic, Chemical and
radiant effect. In short,
Electricity is Electrons in
motion.
Electricity is a property of the basic particles of matter 8

Which like an atom, consists of:

 9

• The ELECTRON is the negatively

charged particle of an atom
• On The other hand. The PROTON is
the positively charged particle of
An atom which is sometimes
referred to as the positive charge
of electricity
• The NEUTRON is that particle of an
Atom which is not electrically
charged ·and weighs slightly more
than the proton.
THEORY:
10

1. THAT, ALL MATTERS ARE MADE UP OF MOLECULES.

2. THAT, MOLECULES ARE MADE UP OF ATOMS,
3. THAT, ATOM CONTAINS NEUTRONS, ELECTRONS AND
PROTONS .
4. THAT, NEUTRON IS NEUTRAL. IT IS NEITHER POSITIVE
OR NEGATIVELY CHARGED.
5. THAT, THE ELECTRON OF AN ATOM OF ANY
SUBSTANCE COULD
BE TRANSFORMED INTO ANOTHER ATOM.
DEFINITION 11

OF TERMS
 Ion is the term applied to an
atom or molecule which is
not electrically balanced. It is
an atom or molecule that is
electrically charged. It simply
means there is a loss or gain
of one or more electrons,

ION
Ions occur when the
electrons in the atom is
loosened through friction by
another atom.
 13

Ion occurs when electrons in the atom

is loosened through friction by
another atom . Therefore, the
presence of
electrons in any organic or inorganic
substance is a fact that
electricity is always present.
 Volt was named after
ALESSANDRO VOLTA, an
Italian scientist who
discovered that electrons
flow when two different
metals are connected by
VOLT wire and then dipped
into a liquid that conduct
VOLTAG or carry electrons
 • Volt or Voltage -is the electrical
pressure that causes the
electrons to move through a
conductor (wire). In other words,
voltage is the electromotive force. ·
• Comparatively, to have 12 volts
is like having 12 pounds of water

VOLT pressure inside the pipe of a

water system. 'Thus, the higher

VOLTAG the voltage, the more electricity

will be forced to flow .
 •Ampere: is the standard unit used in
measuring the strength of an electric
current, named after Andre m.
ampere.
•It is the amount of current flow,
sent by one volt through the
resistance of one Ohm. When there
is too much flow of electricity in a
small conductor or wire, heat is
produced which eventually may

AMPER blow-off the protective devise called

fuse, or burn the wire insulator and
create fire
 •Watt - is the rate or measure
of power used or consumed. It
represents the equivalent heat
volts and ampere consumed
by the lights, appliances or
motors. A term commonly
labeled on light bulbs or
appliances, giving us an idea of
what kind of circuit would be
WATT installed. The term is named
after James Watt.
 •It represents the equivalent
heat volts and ampere
consumed by lights, appliances
or motors. A term commonly
labeled on light bulbs or
appliances, giving us an idea· of
what kind of circuit would be
installed. The term ·is. named

WATT after James Watt a Scottish

inventor.
 •Circuit refers to the
wire installations that
supply current to light
and convenient
outlets.
CIRCUI
 •Resistance - is the friction or
opposition to the flow of current by
the wires and transformers,
analogous to plumbing installation,
where the flow of water is subjected
to resistance caused by friction
between the water. and the inside
wall of the pipe, and the various
form of turns and fittings. For direct
current (DC. electricity), the term
Resistance is used. for friction, and
RESISTANCE impedance for alternating current
(AC electricity)
 21

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES CONDUCTOR,

RESISTANCE.
1. Composition of the conductor: this refers to a conductor
with free electrons that has low resistance.
2. Length of wire. The longer the higher is the
resistance.
3. Cross sectional area of wire. The bigger the cross sectional
area of Wire, the lower its resistance.
4. Temperature, Metal offers high resistance to high temperature
(heat).
 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES CONDUCTOR, 22

RESISTANCE
1.· Composition of the Conductor: This refers to a conductor
having free electrons that has low resistance.'·
2. Length of Wire. The longer the wire, the higher is the
resistance.
3. Cross Sectional Area of Wire. The bigger the cross sectional
area of. wire, the lower its resistance.
4.. Temperature. Metal offers high resistance to high temperature (heat)
Electric Current
ELECTRIC CURRENT 23

By definition, Electric Current is the flow or rate of flow of

electric force in a conductor. A current will only flow if a circuit
is formed comprising a complete loop and contains all the
following required components.
1. Source of voltage
2. A closed loop of wiring
3. ·An electric load,
4. A means of opening and closing the circuit
ELECTRIC CURRENT 24

Electric current is classified as:

l. Direct Current (DC) .
2. Alternating current (AC)
Direct Current. The DC electricity, flows in one direction.
25

The flow is said to be from negative to positive. The normal

source of a DC electricity, is the dry cell or storage battery.

Alternating· Current. The AC electricity constantly reverses-

its direction of flow it is generated by machine Called
generator. This type of current is universally accepted because
of its unlimited number of applications with the following
advantages.
1.The Higher the Voltage, the Larger the Current.
2.The Higher the Resistance, the Lower the Current.]113;;
THEIR RELATIONSHIP MAY BE EXPRESSED BY 26
THE FOLLOWING EQUATION KNOWN AS
THE

OHMS LAW Where:

I=V  
I = current

R
V = Voltage
R = Resistance for DC electricity
Comparison of AC and DC Electricity 27

Under the principles of DC electricity, the product of volts

and amperes is equal to the quantity called volt-ampere (v.a)
which not the same as watts. Thus;
Volt Amperes = Volts x Amperes
And to cover volt-ampere to watts or power, a power factor(pf)
is introduced. And to get power in an AC circuit, we have the
following formula:
 
Watts =Volts x. Ampere x power factor
W= Vx I x pf
 Illustration 1-1
28

A 12 amperes electric fan and blower with a power factor

of 0.85 was connected to 240 volts convenient outlet (c.o).
Calculate the current and power in the circuit.
 
SOLUTION 
Power (watts) = Volts x Amperes x Power factor
W = 240 v. x 12 amp. X 0.85
W = 2,448 watts
 THE OHMS LAW 29
IN 1926, GEORGE· SIMON OHM, A GERMAN SCIENTIST
DISCOVERED
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND
RESISTANCE
NOW REFERRED TO AS THE OHMS LAW WHICH STATES THAT:
 
THE HIGHER THE VOLTAGE, THE LARGER THE CURRENT, AND
THE
HIGHER THE RESISTANCE, THE LOWER THE CURRENT ".
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND 30

RESISTANCE
IS PRESENTED IN THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS KNOWN AS THE
OHMS LAW.
WHERE:
I= V
R
I = CURRENT FLOW (AMPERES)
V = ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (VOLTS)
R = RESISTANCE (OHMS)
 31
TO FIND THE:
*VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL PRESSURE (VOLTS) V= IR
*CURRENT (AMPERE)
I=V
R
RESISTANCE (OHMS)
R=V
I
ILLUSTRATION 1-3

DETERMINE THE CURRENT FLOW IN A CIRCUIT HAVING A RESISTANCE 32

OF 5 OHMS ON A 120 .VOLTS AND 240VOLTS CURRENT SUPPLY. (CIRCUIT
REFERS TO THE. ELECTRICAL WIRING INSTALLATION) ·
SOLUTION·
1. FOR 120 VOLTS:
I= V
R
= 120
5
I = 24 AMPERES
 
EXAMINING THE OHMS LAW, IT WILL BE NOTED THAT THE CURRENT IS INVERSELY
PROPORTIONAL TO THE RESISTANCE. THUS~ AS RESISTANCE
DECREASES, CURRENT INCREASES. IT CAN BE CONCLUDED FROM THE
FOREGOING ILLUSTRATIONS THAT A 240 VOLTS CIRCUIT, IS BETTER. CHOICE
THAN USING A 120 VOLT CIRCUIT AS COMPUTED WITH 48 AND 24 AMPERES RESPECTIVELY.
 ILLUSTRATION 1"4
33

A CIRCUIT HAS A RESISTANCE .OF 20 OHMS AND THE

CURRENT FLOW
AT 12 AMPERES
DETERMINE THE VOLTAGE.

SOLUTION
V=IXR
= 12 X 20
V = 240 VOLTS
SUMMARY -OF THE OHMS LAW FORMULA
VOLTAGE = CURRENT X RESISTANCE
- V=I*R
  34

CURRENT = VOLTAGE
RESISTANCE
I=V
R
 
RESISTANCE = VOLTAGE/CURRENT
R=V/1
 
POWER= VOLTAGE X CURRENT
P=V*I