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Introduction OS

The document discusses the basic components and operation of a computer system and operating system. It covers: 1. The four main components of a computer system - hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. The operating system acts as an intermediary between the hardware and users/applications. 2. The key functions of an operating system including starting/terminating programs, making the system convenient to use, controlling and coordinating hardware access, and implementing common services. 3. How an operating system (specifically the kernel) manages computer operations and resources like memory, CPU time, disk management, and task management. 4. How I/O devices interact with the CPU concurrently through device controllers,

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ali bajwa
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31 views

Introduction OS

The document discusses the basic components and operation of a computer system and operating system. It covers: 1. The four main components of a computer system - hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. The operating system acts as an intermediary between the hardware and users/applications. 2. The key functions of an operating system including starting/terminating programs, making the system convenient to use, controlling and coordinating hardware access, and implementing common services. 3. How an operating system (specifically the kernel) manages computer operations and resources like memory, CPU time, disk management, and task management. 4. How I/O devices interact with the CPU concurrently through device controllers,

Uploaded by

ali bajwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System

Basic components of a computer system:


place of OS
• A computer system can be divided into four
components
• Hardware – provides basic computing
and storage resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of
hardware among various
applications and users
• Application programs –solve the
problems of the users: use system
resources
• Word processors, compilers, web
browsers, database systems, video
games
• Users
• People, machines, other computers
What is an operating system?
• A program that acts as an intermediary between a User/
users/applications and the computer hardware User/
Application
User/
Application
Application
• Operating system functionalities
• Start, terminate, control executing user programs OS
• Make system convenient to use
• Control and coordinate use of hardware
• Perform I/O; setup devices HW
• Allocate resources
• Use hardware efficiently
• Implement common services
CPU, Memory,
Devices

“operating system” term: software helping operators of


computers to run jobs (applications) and to operate the
computer.
3
Operating System Definition (as a software)
• Kernel is central component of an operating system that
manages operations of computer and hardware. It basically
manages operations of memory and CPU time.
• It is core component of an operating system. Kernel acts as a
bridge between applications and data processing performed
at hardware level using inter-process communication and
system calls. 
• Kernel loads first into memory when an operating system is
loaded and remains into memory until operating system is
shut down again.
• It is responsible for various tasks such as disk management,
task management, and memory management.
Computer System Organization and
Operation
Computer System Organization
• Computer-system operation ()
• One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus providing access to shared
memory
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
Network
cable

Network
adapter

Bus

6
Computer system operation:
I/O and device interaction
• I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently
• Each device controller has a local buffer
• Data movement (I/O) between device and local buffer (by device)
• Data movement between memory and local buffer (by CPU)

• Device controller
informs CPU that it
has finished its
current output operation
or it has some input data
by causing
an interrupt

7
Computer System Organization
• BUS: A collections of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to
an other part of a computer.
• it connects all the internal component of computer to the CPU to main memory.
• There are three types of Bus
1. Control Bus
2. Address Bus
3. Data Bus
Types
• Address bus - carries memory addresses from
the processor to other components such as
primary storage and input/output devices. ...

• Data bus - carries the data between the


processor and other components. ...

• Control bus - carries control signals from the


processor to other components.
What is interrupt?
• An interrupt is a signal emitted by a device attached to a computer or from a program within the
computer. It requires the operating system (OS) to stop and figure out what to do next. An interrupt
temporarily stops or terminates a service or a current process.
Types of interrupts
• There are two types of interrupts
• Hardware interrupts
• The interrupt signal generated from external devices and i/o devices are made interrupt to CPU
when the instructions are ready.
• For example − In a keyboard if we press a key to do some action this pressing of the keyboard
generates a signal that is given to the processor to do action, such interrupts are called hardware
interrupts.
• Software interrupts
• The interrupt signal generated from internal devices and software programs need to access any
system call then software interrupts are present.

11
Goals of operating system
• Provide user interface
• Manage hardware resources
• Start and shutdown a computer
• Configure system devices
• Manage computer memory
• Coordinates different task within a system
• Establish and manage internet connections
Characteristics of operating system
• User friendly
• Keep track the status of each resource in a system
• Allows shearing of system resources include software and hardware
• Provides strong security features
• Convenient to use.
• Scheduling
• Errors handling
Thank You

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