EVOLUTION

WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o Evolution is change over time.
Specifically, it is the change of
traits in a species over successive
generations.
VOCABULARY:
Evolution Traits
Environment
Species Rapid
Evolution
Antibiotic
Resistance Natural
Disasters.
WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o Evolution is change over time.
Specifically, it is the change of
traits in a species over successive
generations.
VOCABULARY:
o Over long periods of time, Evolution Traits
Environment
Species change or evolve Species Rapid
Evolution
Into an entirely new species. Antibiotic
Resistance Natural
Disasters.
 WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o Evolution is believed to occur because of environmental factors
such as temperature, space and availability of food and water

VOCABULARY:
Evolution Traits
Environment
Species Rapid
Evolution
Antibiotic
Resistance Natural
Disasters.
 WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o Evolution is believed to occur because of environmental factors
such as temperature, space and availability of food and water
o These factors determine which individuals of a species (and which
species) will be most successful in the environment.

VOCABULARY:
Evolution Traits
Environment
Species Rapid
Evolution
Antibiotic
Resistance Natural
Disasters.
 WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o Successful individuals have “better” traits and are most likely to survive,
reproduce and pass their traits to offspring.

VOCABULARY:
Evolution Traits
Environment
Species Rapid
Evolution
Antibiotic
Resistance Natural
Disasters.
 WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o Successful individuals have “better” traits and are most likely to survive,
reproduce and pass their traits to offspring.
o Over time, the frequency of traits in a species changes so that more
individuals have the “better traits”. In this way, a species evolves.

VOCABULARY:
Evolution Traits
Environment
Species Rapid
Evolution
Antibiotic
Resistance Natural
Disasters.
 WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o Today, everyday species is well suited for its environment.

VOCABULARY:
Evolution Traits
Environment
Species Rapid
Evolution
Antibiotic
Resistance Natural
Disasters.
 WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o Today, everyday species is well suited for its environment.
o As environment change, species evolve. Species can change, die off or
evolve into a completely new species.

VOCABULARY:
Evolution Traits
Environment
Species Rapid
Evolution
Antibiotic
Resistance Natural
Disasters.
 WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o Today, everyday species is well suited for its environment.
o As environment change, species evolve. Species can change, die off or
evolve into a completely new species.

VOCABULARY:
Evolution Traits
Environment
Species Rapid
Evolution
o The polar bear is well suited to live in an
Antibiotic
arctic climate. It camouflages well and it has Resistance Natural
Disasters.
a thick layer of fat to keep it warm.
 WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o For the most part, evolution is slow process. It can take hundreds of
thousands of years for a species to evolve into a new species.

VOCABULARY:
Evolution Traits
Environment
Species Rapid
Evolution
Antibiotic
Resistance Natural
Disasters.
 WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
o For the most part, evolution is slow process. It can take hundreds of
thousands of years for a species to evolve into a new species.
o Scientist believe it took more than a hundred million years for all of the
species on Earth to evolve.

VOCABULARY:
Evolution Traits
Environment
Species Rapid
Evolution
Antibiotic
Resistance Natural
Disasters.
 GENETIC DIVERSITY
There is a very high level of genetic variation within almost all species, including
humans. No two individuals have the same DNA sequence, with the exception of
identical twins or clones, the genetic variation contributes to phenotypic
variation---- that is, diversity in the outward appearance and behavior of
individuals of the same species. This is also also known as genetic diversity
 GENETIC DIVERSITY
There is a very high level of genetic variation within almost all species, including
humans. No two individuals have the same DNA sequence, with the exception of
identical twins or clones, the genetic variation contributes to phenotypic
variation---- that is, diversity in the outward appearance and behavior of
individuals of the same species. This is also also known as genetic diversity
This picture below shows you humans all belonging to the species
Homo sapiens. You well observe that no two individuals in the pictures look alike
in their physical features. This is an example of genetic variation.
 GENETIC DIVERSITY
There is a very high level of genetic variation within almost all species, including
humans. No two individuals have the same DNA sequence, with the exception of
identical twins or clones, the genetic variation contributes to phenotypic
variation---- that is, diversity in the outward appearance and behavior of
individuals of the same species. This is also also known as genetic diversity
The picture below shows you humans all belonging to the species
Homo sapiens. You well observe that no two individuals in the pictures look alike
in their physical features. This is an example of genetic variation.
 DIVERGENCE
Species evolved along different paths from a common
ancestor. All living species differ from one another. In some
cases, these difference are subtle, while in other cases the
difference are dramatic. In the modern scheme of
classification, similar species are grouped into genera, similar
genera into families , and so on. This hierarchy of
relationships produces a treelike pattern , which implies a
process of splitting and divergence from a common ancestor
.
 ADAPTATION
o Adaptation are traits that increases or decrease the fitness
of an organism.
 ADAPTATION
o Adaptation are traits that increases or decrease the fitness
of an organism.
o In other words adaptations help or hinder the ability of an
organism to survive
 ADAPTATION
o Adaptation are traits that increases or decrease the fitness
of an organism.
o In other words adaptations help or hinder the ability of an
organism to survive
o Adaptation are genetically controlled and therefore can be
passed on to successive generations
 ADAPTATION
For example, the hollow bones and feathers of birds that enable them to
fly, or the cryptic colorations that allows many organism to hide from
their predators. These features may give them appearance that were
designed for them to live in a particular environment. Evolutionary
biology has demonstrated that adaptations arise through selection acting
on genetic variation.
 ADAPTATION
This picture below show us the varied examples of adaptations in
different organism.

The cacti thrive arid deserts with very scare water. These plants are
succulent for storing of more water and nutrients. Moreover, these plants
are provided with spines which are not only protective structures against
grazers but are also significant to prevent rapid lost water.
 ADAPTATION
This picture below show us the varied examples of adaptations in different
organism.

The left insect show an example of camouflage where an organism blends with its
environment. This insects blends with its environment in color as well as in
appearance to a leaf, including the leaf venation. This kind od adaption protects the
insect from its predator which increases its survival rate.
 ADAPTIVE RADIATION
Adaptive radiation is a process in which organism diversify
rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new
forms, particularly when a change in the environment make
new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens
new environmental niches.
 FOSSILS
o Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and
animals whose bodies were buried in sediments,
such as sand and mud, under ancient seas, lakes
and rivers.
 FOSSILS
o Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and
animals whose bodies were buried in sediments,
such as sand and mud, under ancient seas, lakes
and rivers.
o Fossils also include any preserved trace of life that
is typically more than 10 000 years old.
MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION
Mechanism of evolution correspond to violations
of .different Hardy-Weinberg assumption. They are:
mutation, non-random mating, gene flow, finite population
size (genetic drift), and natural selection.
MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION
Mechanism of evolution correspond to violations
of .different Hardy-Weinberg assumption. They are:
mutation, non-random mating, gene flow, finite population
size (genetic drift), and natural selection.

Genetic Variation- is the difference in DNA among

individuals or the differences between populations.
MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION
Genetic drift- refers to random fluctuations and gene
frequency and its effects are usually seen at the level of
DNA. This causes genetic variants to disappear reducing
genetic variation.
MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION
Speciation- is the evolutionary process by which populations
evolve to become distinct species.
 EVEDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

Evolution is a biological phenomenon that

involves changes in a species over time.
 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
The pieces of evidence collected by scientists for the
theory of evolution.
 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
The pieces of evidence collected by scientists for the theory of evolution.

FOSSILS
Fossils are the most observed evidence of evolution. Based on the array of
similarities and differences between living species, evolutionary biology makes
predictions about the features of ancestral forms.
 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
The pieces of evidence collected by scientists for the theory of evolution.

DNA SEQUENCE
Genetic evidence shows that the DNA profiles evolutionary relationships among
species. The genomes of all organism contain overwhelming evidence for
evolution.
 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
The pieces of evidence collected by scientists for the theory of evolution.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
Similarity in the structural set-up of different groups of organism is and evidence
of evolution.
 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
The pieces of evidence collected by scientists for the theory of evolution.

COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY
Organism that are different in their mature stages show distinct similarities in
their early patterns or early embryonic developmental stages .
 BIODIVERSITY and
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
Biodiversity is, simply, the variety of life on Earth, and can be
characterized at various levels from genes, to species, genetic and
ecosystem.
 BIODIVERSITY and
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
Biodiversity is, simply, the variety of life on Earth, and can be
characterized at various levels from genes, to species, genetic and
ecosystem.

Species is a population of morphologically and physiologically similar

individuals that can successfully interbreed with each others, but is
incapable of producing fertile offspring with other organisms.
 BIODIVERSITY and
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
o The variations of genetic characteristics expressed in
varied phenotypic differences seen in a single species is
called genetic diversity.
 BIODIVERSITY and
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
o The variations of genetic characteristics expressed in
varied phenotypic differences seen in a single species is
called genetic diversity.
o The variation of ecosystem that include differences in
habitats, types of community and abiotic environments
in an area is called ecosystem diversity.
 BIODIVERSITY and
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
o A biome is a major biotic community, such as
grassland, forest, or desert, characterized by the
dominant vegetation and its climate.
 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
In ecology, a community is a group or association of
populations of two or more different species occupying the
same geographical area at the same time, also known as a
biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community,
ecological community, or life assemblage. The term
community has a variety of uses.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
Scale-is the size of a community. As long as the area or
habitat is well defined, a community can be of any size, from
a drop of water, a rock pool, a fallen rotting log, a grass land,
a river, or even to the surface of the West Philippine Sea.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
Scale-is the size of a community. As long as the area or
habitat is well defined, a community can be of any size, from
a drop of water, a rock pool, a fallen rotting log, a grass land,
a river, or even to the surface of the West Philippine Sea.

Spatial distribution-is the distribution of species relative to

each other. Some species provide that creates structural
habitats for other species. These species, in turn create
habitats for others and so on.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
Species richness-is the number of species found in a given
community. It is the number of species that is observed in a
given area. This measure is dependent on who is observing,
and thus it is sensitive to sampling procedure. So, if in a pond
you see a frog, gold fishes, and water lilies, then the species
richness is three.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
o Species diversity- is the number of species in the community and their relative
abundances. Species are not equally abundant, some equally abundant, some
species occur in large percentage of samples, while others are poorly
represented. Species diversity takes the abundance, or number of individuals of
different species into account while species richness does not.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
o Species diversity- is the number of species in the community and their relative
abundances. Species are not equally abundant, some equally abundant, some
species occur in large percentage of samples, while others are poorly
represented. Species diversity takes the abundance, or number of individuals of
different species into account while species richness does not.

o Trophic structure-is a hierarchy of feeding system in an ecosystem. It shows

how nutrients and energy passed from one organism to another by means of
feeding.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
o Species diversity- is the number of species in the community and their relative
abundances. Species are not equally abundant, some equally abundant, some
species occur in large percentage of samples, while others are poorly
represented. Species diversity takes the abundance, or number of individuals of
different species into account while species richness does not.

o Trophic structure-is a hierarchy of feeding system in an ecosystem. It shows

how nutrients and energy passed from one organism to another by means of
feeding.

o Ecology niche-each of the species play a specific role in the trophic structure.
An ecology niche includes the type of food the organism eats, its habitat, and
its relationship with other organism.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
o Energy pyramid-contains levels for a group of certain organism based on
their role and the food they eat, these levels are called tropic levels. At the base
of the energy Pyramid are the producers, the middle levels are for the primary
and secondary consumers, and the peak of the pyramid is for the tertiary
consumers or apex predators.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
o Energy pyramid-contains levels for a group of certain organism based on
their role and the food they eat, these levels are called tropic levels. At the base
of the energy Pyramid are the producers, the middle levels are for the primary
and secondary consumers, and the peak of the pyramid is for the tertiary
consumers or apex predators.

o Matter cycling-the producers absorb solar energy, nutrients , and compounds

from their environment to produce sugar and oxygen gas which will then be
consumed by the consumer.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
o Energy pyramid-contains levels for a group of certain organism based on
their role and the food they eat, these levels are called tropic levels. At the base
of the energy Pyramid are the producers, the middle levels are for the primary
and secondary consumers, and the peak of the pyramid is for the tertiary
consumers or apex predators.

o Matter cycling-the producers absorb solar energy, nutrients , and compounds

from their environment to produce sugar and oxygen gas which will then be
consumed by the consumer.

o Ecological succession- is the progressive replacement or change og one

dominant type of species or community by another in a particular area or place
until a stable climax community is established.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
o Primary succession- may occur on places which are devoid vegetation
and has little to no soil.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
o Primary succession- may occur on places which are devoid vegetation
and has little to no soil.

o Sometimes, a near-stable or stable community becomes destroyed by

incidents such as fire or human activities such as deforestation. The
kind of succession that occurs in an area wherein a community one
existed is called Secondary succession.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
o Primary succession- may occur on places which are devoid vegetation
and has little to no soil.

o Sometimes, a near-stable or stable community becomes destroyed by

incidents such as fire or human activities such as deforestation. The
kind of succession that occurs in an area wherein a community one
existed is called Secondary succession.

o Ecological disturbances-are events or occurrences that remove

species from an area which causes change in the availablity of
resources.
 PROPERTIES OF A
COMMUNITY
Climax community-is a more or less the permanent and final stage of a
particular ecological succession. These communities are characterized by
slow rates of change, compered with the eralier more dynamic stages.
 IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITTY

Without biodiversity, our entire support system for human ,

as well as animal life , would collapse . We rely on nature to
provide us with food and clean water , for a lot of medicines,
and other extreme weather effects.
SPECIES DIVER and ECOLOGICAL and SUSTAINABILITTY

Biodiversity provides an additional layer of resilience to

ecosystems and that’s how it maintains their stability. The
integrity of an ecosystem needs to stay together because
needs to stay together because it is necessary for human
survival. Ecosystem stability ensures that life is supported
and our air is breathable and water worth drinking.
SPECIES DIVER and ECOLOGICAL and SUSTAINABILITTY

Moreover increased species diversity increase opportunities

for adaptations leading to higher species diversity in a
process called adaptive radiation.
SPECIES DIVER and ECOLOGICAL and SUSTAINABILITTY

Moreover increased species diversity increase opportunities

for adaptations leading to higher species diversity in a
process called adaptive radiation.

There are three important indicators of ecological stability

and sustainability:
SPECIES DIVER and ECOLOGICAL and SUSTAINABILITTY

Moreover increased species diversity increase opportunities

for adaptations leading to higher species diversity in a
process called adaptive radiation.

There are three important indicators of ecological stability

and sustainability:
o Inertia or persistence – ability to resist disturbance or
change
SPECIES DIVER and ECOLOGICAL and SUSTAINABILITTY

Moreover increased species diversity increase opportunities for

adaptations leading to higher species diversity in a process called
adaptive radiation.

There are three important indicators of ecological stability and

sustainability:
o Inertia or persistence – ability to resist disturbance or change
o Constancy – ability to stay within the limits defined by the
environment
SPECIES DIVER and ECOLOGICAL and SUSTAINABILITTY

Moreover increased species diversity increase opportunities for

adaptations leading to higher species diversity in a process called
adaptive radiation.

There are three important indicators of ecological stability and

sustainability:
o Inertia or persistence – ability to resist disturbance or change
o Constancy – ability to stay within the limits defined by the
environment
o Resilience – ability to return back and repair moderate damages caused
by changes in the environment
 ADAPTATIONS
The varied structures, behaviors, or internal
processes or the special external and internal
features that enable an organism to better survive
or be successful in a particular environment are
called adaptions.
 ADAPTATIONS
The varied structures, behaviors, or internal
processes or the special external and internal
features that enable an organism to better survive
or be successful in a particular environment are
called adaptions.

Example of adaptations include:

o Aquatic organisms like fishes and aquatic mammals
have streamlined bodies built for swimming
 ADAPTATIONS
Example of adaptations include:
o Aquatic organisms like fishes and aquatic
mammals have streamlined bodies built for
swimming
 ADAPTATIONS
o Camouflage , as in a toad’s ability (figure
3.47) to blend in with its surroundings
 ADAPTATIONS
o Camouflage , as in a toad’s ability (figure 3.47)
to blend in with its surroundings
o Insects are small, thus having minimal
requirements for survival; can often fly to move
out from danger and unfavorable condition; have
exoskeletons to prevent dehydration; developed
nervous system for keen sensitivity and very
high reproductive rate by laying hundreds of
eggs for perpetuation of their species.
 ADAPTATIONS
o Physical features or physical adaptations help
organisms to obtain food, defend themselves and keep
safe, build their habitats, with stand weather changes,
and attract mates like the tail feather of the peacock.
 ADAPTATIONS
o Humans have a large brain to modify their
environments when necessary by using
intelligence.
 DISTURBANCE OF A
COMMUNITY
Any relatively discrete event in time that
disrupts ecosystem, community, or population
structure and changes resources, substrate
availability, for the physical environment.
ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
Population ecology is the study of these and other
questions about what factors affect population and how
and why a population changes over time. Population
ecology has its deepest historic roots, and its richest
development, in the study of population growth,
regulation, and dynamics, or demography.
ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
Population ecology is the study of these and other
questions about what factors affect population and how
and why a population changes over time. Population
ecology has its deepest historic roots, and its richest
development, in the study of population growth,
regulation, and dynamics, or demography.

Demography is a field of study which deals with

statistical studies of populations which allow inferences
from current data to predict population change.
ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
The three important features of a
populations
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
The three important features of a populations
o POPULATION SIZE
-Population size is the number of individuals in a given area. This feature is
directly affected by birth date which is the number of individuals born in a year
and death rate which is the number of deaths in a year.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o POPULATION DENSITY
-Population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area
or volume.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o POPULATION DENSITY
-Population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area
or volume.
-The individuals of a certain species may opt to move from one place to
another, this called migration.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o POPULATION DENSITY
-Population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area
or volume.
-The individuals of a certain species may opt to move from one place to
another, this called migration.

There are two types of migration, namely immigration and emigration:

 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o POPULATION DENSITY
-Population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area
or volume.
-The individuals of a certain species may opt to move from one place to
another, this called migration.

There are two types of migration, namely immigration and emigration:

Immigration is the movement of individuals into of a population.

.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o POPULATION DENSITY
-Population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area
or volume.
-The individuals of a certain species may opt to move from one place to
another, this called migration.

There are two types of migration, namely immigration and emigration:

Immigration is the movement of individuals into of a population.

Emigration is the movement of individuals out of a population.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o POPULATION DENSITY
-Density –dependent factors are the biotic factors living in an
ecosystem. The effects of these factors increase as the population of a
species increase, these factors include diseases or disorders and presence
of competition.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o POPULATION DENSITY
-Density –dependent factors are the biotic factors living in an
ecosystem. The effects of these factors increase as the population of a
species increase, these factors include diseases or disorders and presence
of competition.

-Density-independent factors are the abiotic factors in an ecosystem that

affects the population regardless of its density. Examples of this factor
include temperature , humidity, weather, and climate of an area.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o POPULATION DISPERATION
Population dispersion describes the spacing of the organism relative to
each other or spatial clustering of organisms in an area. There are three
kinds of population dispersion: clumped dispersion, random or scattered
dispersion, and uniform dispersion
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o CARRYING CAPACITY
-Carrying capacity can be defined as a species’ average population size
in a particular habitat. The species population size is limited by
environmental factors like adequate food , shelter, water, and mates . If
these needs are not met, the population will decrease until the resource
rebounds.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o HUMAN POPULATION
-Human population growth serves as an important model for population
ecologists, and is one of the most important environmental issues of the
twenty-first century.
.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o HUMAN POPULATION
-Human population growth serves as an important model for population
ecologists, and is one of the most important environmental issues of the
twenty-first century.
-There are several factors that have contributed to this dramatic increase
of the human population, this include technology, culture, and the society.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
o EFFECTIVE MEASURES TO SLOW DOWN INCREASE IN HUMAN
POPULATION
-To prevent further damage caused by overpopulation of humans on earth , there
are ways studied and develop to slow down the increase in human population.

WAYS TO SLOW DOWN THE INCREASE IN HUMAN POPULATION

• Education and involvement of the male population in family planning and child care.
• Better and cost-effective access to family planning resources.
• Promotion of respect for women and children and eradication of violence against
women.
• Improvement of the health of women and children to delay motherhood at a more
mature age, and promotion of responsible parenthood.
• Effective gender equity so that women can have access to education, voice in the
government, employment, and have equal opportunities with the male population.
 ECOLOGY OF POPULATION
INTERVENTIONS TO LESSEN HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

o Aside from controlling the fast pace of increase of human population, there are
ways which were studied to directly act on the affected ecosystem on earth.

BELOW ARE THE WAYS THE HUMAN HAVE DEALT WITH THE
DAMAGES ON THE ECOSYSTEM

• Conservation of the remaining agricultural lands, fresh water, and other

environmental resources.
• Rehabilitation of destroyed natural resources.
• Promotion and implementation of environmental jurisprudence.
• Creation of marine sanctuaries and ecological corridors and protection of the
protected areas.
• Distribution of materials for use of alternative sources of energy.