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Chapter 1 Formation of Elements

The document describes the Big Bang theory of the formation of the universe. It states that approximately 13 billion years ago, the universe began in a massive explosion and has been expanding ever since. As it expanded and cooled in the early moments after the Big Bang, the first light elements, including hydrogen and helium, formed. Evidence for the Big Bang theory includes the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation and primordial helium throughout the universe.

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Charity Cotejo
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12 views13 pages

Chapter 1 Formation of Elements

The document describes the Big Bang theory of the formation of the universe. It states that approximately 13 billion years ago, the universe began in a massive explosion and has been expanding ever since. As it expanded and cooled in the early moments after the Big Bang, the first light elements, including hydrogen and helium, formed. Evidence for the Big Bang theory includes the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation and primordial helium throughout the universe.

Uploaded by

Charity Cotejo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1:

Formation of Elements Found


in the Universe
Lesson1.1
The Big Bang Theory
Probing Questions:

• How was the universe formed?

• How did it develop to what it is


today?
Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a) describe the Big Bang,


b) explain the formation of light elements found
in the universe seconds after the Big Bang,
and
c) give evidence for the formation of light
elements after the Big Bang.
“ A Brief History of Time”. Stephen Hawking (1988) wrote,

“ One may say that time had a beginning at the Big Bang, in
the sense that earlier times simply would not be defined…
One can imagine that God created the universe at literally
any time in the past. On the other hand, if the universe is
expanding, there may be physical reasons why there had to
be a beginning, One could still imagine that God created the
universe at the instant of the Big Bang, or even afterwards
in just such a way as to make it look as though there had
been a Big Bang, but it would be meaningless to suppose
that it was created before the Big Bang. An expanding
universe does not preclude a creator, but it does place limits
on when he might have carried out hid job.”
The Beginning of the Universe

In 1929 (Edwin Hubble)


- Using a 2.5-m telescope, Hubble proved that
the nebulae were distant galaxies containing
about 109 to 10 13 stars.
- Hubble deduced that galaxies are
continuously moving away from one another.
- Therefore, concluded that the universe is
expanding.
The Beginning of the Universe

In 1948 (George Gamow, Ralph Alpher,


and Hand Bethe)
- Universe burst into being in a gigantic
explosion or a Big Bang several billions
years ago.
- Billion years ago, the universe is very
hot.
- Allowed the formation of Atoms.
The Beginning of the Universe

Evidences the support Gamow’s


Hypothesis:
1. Measurement showed that the universe is expanding and that
the galaxies are moving away from one another.
2. A cosmic background radiation was detected. The radiation
observed was the same in all directions and found to be
independent of direction.
3. Primordial helium was discovered. Scientist believe that helium
and hydrogen were the first to be formed in the early stages of
the evolution of the universe.
The Beginning of the Universe

In 1964 (Arno Penzias and Roberts W.


Wilson)
- Detected microwaves with a
wavelength of 7.35 cm coming toward
the Earth.
- The microwave radiation was found to
be emitted by the cooling universe
itself, this microwave radiation is
cosmic background radiation .
The Beginning of the Universe

In 1995
- Astronomers analyzed the ultraviolet
light coming from the quasar and found
that helium atoms absorbed this light in
its path approaching Earth.
The Beginning of the Universe

Hydrogen (H)- 74% Helium (He)- 26 %


Summary
• The Big Bang states that the universe was
formed about 13 billion years ago in a great
explosion and has been expanding since
then.
• After the giant explosion, minute particles of
matter mixed with radiation gradually cooled
which allowed the formation of atoms. Atoms
clumped together due to the influence of
gravity to form billions of galaxies. One of
which is our own Milky Way.
Summary
• The following are the pieces of evidence that
support the Big Bang theory of George
Gamow:
1. Measurement showed that the universe is expanding
and that the galaxies are moving away from one
another.
2. A cosmic background radiation was detected. The
radiation observed was the same in all directions and
found to be independent of direction.
3. Primordial helium was discovered. Scientist believe
that helium and hydrogen were the first to be formed
in the early stages of the evolution of the universe.
Summary
• Ultraviolet light coming from quasars were
absorbed by helium atoms. These particular
quasars is more than 10 billion light years away
from Earth, so the light from it reaching the Earth
shows events that happened 10 billion years ago.
• Since an ionized hydrogen atom cannot absorb
light from a quasar, it cannot be detected. While
a helium atom has two electrons, radiation can
strip off one electron but not always both. Thus,
an ionized helium atom with one electron can still
absorb light so it can be detected.

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