Lecture No (5)

Transport Mechanism Across Cell Membrane

First Year=(2019 -2020)=Biology.

M.B.B.S,B.D.S, B.PH, M.R.S &M.L.S
 The Structure of cell Membrane
It is made of, lipids , proteins and carbohydrates.
proteins that span through the membrane and allow
passage of materials.
• Lipids are:
1. Phospholipids .
2. Cholesterol .
A phospholipid bilayer makes up the main part of the
cell membrane.
Each phospholipid molecule contains a charged polar
head (H2O-loving - HYDROPHILIC) and non-polar, fat-
soluble tails (H2O fearing - HYDROPHOBIC).
This gives the cell membrane its fluid-like nature
 Phospholipid

Cholesterol protects the membrane from being

dissolved (e.g. by alcohol, anesthetics).
• Carbohydrates (glycolipids and glycoproteins).
• Proteins of the cell membrane are:
1-Integral proteins
2-Prephral proteins
Functions of cell membrane proteins :
1.Transport proteins:
A-Channel Proteins - form small openings for
molecules to diffuse through
B-. Carrier Proteins- binding site on protein surface .
2. Receptor Proteins
3. Cell Recognition Proteins - to identify cells to the
body's immune system
4-Enzymes.
5-Signal Transducers(communication).
Channel protein Carrier protein
Cell recognition protein
Receptor protein
Enzymatic protein

G-PROTEIN
• All molecules and ions in the body fluids including
water molecules and dissolved substances are in
constant motion.
• Transport through the cell membrane occurs by
one of three basic processes :
A-passive transport
B- active transport
C- Endocytosis/Exocytosis
 PASSIVE TRANSPORT:
  Do not consume energy in transport .It includes:
1.Diffusion
a)Simple Diffution.do not use protein carrier .
b)Facilitated Diffusion, uses protein carrier .
2-Osmosis
Diffusion:-
. Is the movement of molecules of substance
(Solid ,liquid or gas) from a region in which they are
highly concentrated to a region in which they are less
concentrated. Concentration gradient
• Diffusion through the cell membrane is divided
into two types:-
1. Simple diffusion : occurs through a membrane
opening or through protein channels ( through
intermolecular spaces).
•only lipid-soluble (non-polar) substances can diffuse
directly through lipid bi-layer, like , Gases(oxygen ,
nitrogen &carbon dioxide ), alcohol, fattyacides and
steroid hormones.
•The lipid bi-layer is impermeable to water-soluble
substances , such as ions, glucose and urea.
•Water-soluble (polar) substances diffuse through the
protein channels.
 Protein channels which provide watery
pathway are distinguished by two
important characteristics:-
1. They are often selectively permeable to
certain substances.
2. Many of these channels can be opened or
closed by gates.
By the far the most abundant substance ,to
diffuse through the membrane is water.
2. Facilitated diffusion
uses membrane proteins that function as
carriers to move molecules (such as
glucose) across the cell membrane.
•The rate at which a substance diffuse across
membrane depend on a number of factors:
1. The concentration gradient.
2. Temperature.
3. The surfaces area across which diffusion is taking
place.
4. The nature of the molecules.
Large molecules require more energy to get them
moving than the small ones.
Gas exchange in lungs by diffusion
Facilitated Transport
 Osmosis
• Osmosis: is net diffusion of the water across a
selectivity permeable membrane from a region of
high water concentration to one that has low water
concentration.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water (across a
membrane).
Water will move in the direction where there is a
high concentration of solute and hence a lower
concentration of water.
When thinking about osmosis, we are always
comparing solute concentrations between two
solutions, and some standard terminology is
commonly used to describe these differences:
1. Hypotonic: The solution with the lower
concentration of solutes.
The word "Hypo" means less.“ in this case there are
less solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, since salt
sucks, water will move into the cell.
2. Hypertonic: The solution with the higher
concentration of solutes.
 
The word "Hyper" means more in this case there are
more solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, which
causes the water to be sucked in that direction.
In plant cells, the central vacuole loses water and the
cells shrink, causing wilting.In animal cells, the cells
also shrink. 
3. Isotonic: the solutions being compared have equal
concentrations of solutes.
The word ISO" means the same. in this case:
. A cell in an isotonic solution will have no net water
uptake or loss.
Note that each of these terms is relative to the
inside of the cell.
 Active transport
Active transport: means the movement of ions or
other substances in combination with a carrier
protein from a low concentration gradient to high
concentration gradient.
Example:- Na-K Pump.
active transport goes against the concentration
Active Transport
 Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Very large particles pass into or out the cells by
specialized function of the cell membrane called:
1- Endocytosis . Is the uptake of molecules into cells ,
two principal forms of endocytosis are:
a) Pinocytosis : When the engulfed substance is
dissolved in fluid (cell drinking).
b) Phagocytosis: When the engulfed substance is
solid such as bacteria (cell eating) .
2-Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis. Proteins
that secreted by cells move to the extracellular by
exocytosis.
Also the waste products of cell will be secreted out
of the cell by exocytosis.
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis