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Topic 3 Research and Extension Linkage

1. Technology development for rural economic growth involves technology generation, verification, adaptation, dissemination, and commercialization in a long complex process. 2. Extension workers play a key role in providing feedback to researchers and disseminating technologies suited to farmers' needs. 3. The adoption of technology by farmers is a process that extension agents can facilitate through demonstrations and discussions tailored to different stages of awareness, interest, evaluation, and trial.

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111 views

Topic 3 Research and Extension Linkage

1. Technology development for rural economic growth involves technology generation, verification, adaptation, dissemination, and commercialization in a long complex process. 2. Extension workers play a key role in providing feedback to researchers and disseminating technologies suited to farmers' needs. 3. The adoption of technology by farmers is a process that extension agents can facilitate through demonstrations and discussions tailored to different stages of awareness, interest, evaluation, and trial.

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Pca Zdn
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Topic 3.

Research and
Extension Linkage
Introduction
 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT is
indispensable for economic growth in the
rural areas. It involves the following
process, namely: technology generation
(TG), technology verification (TV),
technology adaptation (TA), technology /
information dissemination (TD) and
technology commercialization (TC).
 This technology development process is
relatively long and complex process and
takes a number of years to produce a
component or a package of technology
(POT).
 Basically, the extension workers are
involved in the whole process, particularly
in giving feedback to research centers on
problems at the field level.
 However, the central task of an extension
service is to disseminate technology suited
to the needs and problems of its intended
users for the purpose of technology
commercialization. Hence, extension
worker or change agents need to
understand the diffusion and adoption of
technology as a process of change.
 When the technology is ready for
dissemination, it has passed specific
protocol and criteria established by the
research station such as the STEEP:
1.social acceptability
2.technical feasibility
3.economic viability
4.environmental soundness and
5.political acceptability
 The processes involved in diffusion and
adoption of innovations are different, but
they need to be discussed with reference
to each other to make distinction clear.
Technology: Concept, Types and
Development Process
 Technology is defined as:
 the body of tools, machines, materials,
techniques and processes used to produce
goods and services to satisfy human needs
(World Book Dictionary, 1988)
 The means and methods employed in the
production / manufacture of an output:
installation, operation and maintenance
equipment, device or industrial set-up;
knowhow, invention, discovery, including the
performance of technical skills and services
(DOST as cited by Perez and Burgos, 1992 and
Battad, 2003)
Categories of Technologies
 Component Technology – refers to specific
cultural techniques in the management /
production of crops, livestock, fishery and
forestry.
 This includes choice of variety, tillage,
method of fertilization, pest and weed
control, etc.
 In animal production, it includes feed
formulation, breed selection, breeding,
herd management, etc.
 Package of Technology – refers to a
combination of all necessary component
technologies for production and post-
production activities.
 These technologies have been proven to
be individually outstanding and when put
together will result to improved
performance and greater productivity in
the farm, firm, industry, household, or
organization.
Types of Technologies
 Product – take the form of physical goods
like dryers, tissue cultured macapuno, hybrid
rice, BT corn, quick test kit, etc.
 Process – these are not tangible; it refers to
a system of doing things or schemes for
improved production, post production, or
processing. It may also involve models /
strategies for efficient utilization,
conservation and management of resources;
efficient technology transfer and
commercialization; marketing and
distribution system; seed production system,
etc. Some of these technologies are:
Biological Method for Coco-Oil Extraction,
Improved Agroforestry Scheme; Barangay
Integrated Development Approach for
Nutrition and Improvement (BIDANI), etc.

 Service – It provides the complementary


activities / services to enhance existing
programs / policies of the government. E.g.
Carabao Upgrading Program in support to the
program of the government to improve
native carabao stocks.
 Information – Consists of different findings
that may indicate valuable socio-economic
and technical databases for policy
formulation and follow-up R&D activities. Also
include information systems and processes.
Technology Development Process
(PCARRD)
 Technology Generation (TG) – scientific
and experimental stage to generate
component technology or a POT.
 Technology Verification (TV) – a
technology is for verification if it can be
incorporated in a POT that has potential
for improving existing farmer’s practice; it
has shown economic and technical
feasibility, socially acceptable and
environmentally safe
 Technology Adaptation – a technology
is for verification if it is conducted in a
station or farmer’s field, a component
technology, has passed TG for one season,
good potential for economic and technical
feasibility, and good potential for
acceptance by farmers and commercial
producers.
 Technology Dissemination – stage
when promoters of technologies can use
varied approaches and methods in
bringing technologies to the end users.
Technologies must have met the following
criteria:
General adaptability – replicable
under field condition
Economic profitability – percent
profitability is equal to the prevailing
rate of interest on loan of formal
financial institutions. Consider also
social cost and benefits.
Social acceptability – technology does
not contradict social norms and values
prevailing in the community
Information for Dissemination –
helps to generate significant social and
economic implications associated with
technology adoption, contribute to
better understanding of research
problem, fills information gaps in
agriculture, forestry, etc., and helps
policy makers formulate policies
Potential availability of support
services –users have access to market,
credit facilities, material inputs and
others.
 Technology commercialization –
technologies that have passed previous
stages with high potential for
commercialization are recommended at this
stage.
 The following criteria are considered: the
technology could provide the best alternative
for improving income and productivity of a
greater majority of people; it could provide
immediate solution to self-sufficiency
problems, environmental sustainability,
import substitution, export generation and
promotion of alternative sources of food.
What is the role of extension in
the adoption process?
 What is the responsibility of an extension
service with respect to the adoption process?
 Where does extension come into the picture?

 Under the circumstances, extension agents


need to help farmers become aware of the
innovation.
 Talk with individual farmers to try to get them
interested, help them evaluate, and then try it
out in the field.
 Normally, different extension teaching
methods are best suited to each stage in
the adoption process.
 Awareness can be achieved through
radio, news articles, newsletters, or result
demonstration.
 Interest can occasionally, but not usually,
be aroused by mass media.
 Result demonstration and individual’s farm
visit are best during the interest stage.
 Evaluation can be improved and hastened
by method demonstrations and group
discussion.
 The first trial of any innovation needs
methods demonstrations at each stage in the
process.
 Because of the risk and the uncertainty
involved in agricultural production, extension
agents are encouraged to continue to show
some interest until the new practice has been
followed at least two or three times.
 This will provide continuity for the innovation
tried.
 In some instances, farmers have already
passed the awareness and interest stages.
 Thus extension agents can concentrate on
evaluation and on first trials.
 The sources of information (mass media,
government agencies, friends, and
neighbors, etc) during the various stages in
the adoption process are shown in Figure 2.
 The comparative efficiency of the different
extension methods at different stages in the
adoption process varies because of cultural
differences, agricultural development,
modernization, and differences in degree of
literacy, in circulation and readership of
newspapers and farm journals,
 in percentage of homes having radio, in
national broadcasting policies, and in ease
of communication by mail, telegram, and
telephone.
 Even within a given area, farmers are
usually in different stages in the adoption
process with respect to any one innovation.
 Consequently, it is not enough for an
extension agent to concentrate in
awareness for one reason, developing
interest in the next, evaluating the practice
the next season, and so on (Mosher, 1978).
 Instead, one needs to design programs
each season that meet the current needs
of an individual farmers who are at
different stages in the adoption process.
 Moreover, different farmers move from
one step to the next in adoption process at
different speeds.
 Some farmers become interested in certain
innovations almost immediately after
becoming aware of them and move
through evaluation to readiness for the
first trial very quickly.
 Other farmers are much more deliberate.

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