The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System

 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)

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 The Skeletal System
• Skeleton comes from a Greek word
meaning dried up body.
• Bone appears dead and dried up, but it
is not!
• Bone is living tissue
• Newborn human has 350 bones
• Adult human has 206 bones
 Functions of Bones

 Support of the body (framework)

 Protection of soft organs
 Movement- Serve as levers (with help
from muscles)
 Storage of minerals and fats (calcium)
 Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis –
bone marrow Slide 5.2
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 Bones of the Human Body

 Two basic types of bone tissue

1. Compact bone
 Dense/hard
2. Spongy bone
 (Cancellous)
 Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
Decrease wt of bone/contain red bone
marrow
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 Classification of Bones
 Long bones
 Typically longer than wide
 Have a shaft with heads at both ends
 Contain mostly compact bone
 Found in legs and arms
• Examples: Femur, humerus

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 Classification of Bones
 Short bones
 Generally cube-shape and small
 Contain mostly spongy bone
 Found in wrist, ankles, and toes
 Examples: Carpals, tarsals

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 Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1

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 Classification of Bones

 Flat bones
 Thin and flattened
 Usually curved
 Cover organs/provide surface for lg. muscle
 Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
 Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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 Classification of Bones
 Irregular bones
 Irregular shape
 Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
 Example: Vertebrae and hip
 Gross Anatomy of a Bone
 Diaphysis
 Shaft
 Composed of
compact bone
 Epiphysis
 Ends of the bone
 Composed mostly
of spongy bone
 Structure of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
 Outside covering of the
diaphysis
 Fibrous connective tissue
membrane
Serves as an attachment
for muscle
 Arteries
 Supply bone cells with
nutrients
 Structure of a Long Bone
 Articular cartilage-
 Covers the external
surface of the
epiphyses
 Made of hyaline
cartilage
 Decreases friction at
joint surfaces
 Structure of a Long Bone
 Medullary cavity- or the
yellow marrow
 Cavity of the shaft
 Contains yellow marrow
(mostly fat) in adults
 Contains red marrow (for
blood cell formation) in
infants
 Changes in the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints
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 Bone Growth

 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long

bone during childhood
 New cartilage is continuously formed
 Older cartilage becomes ossified (cartilage
to bone)
 Cartilage is broken down
 Bone replaces cartilage
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 Bone Growth

 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

until growth stops
 Grow longitudinally for height
 Bones grow in width to support weight

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 Epiphyseal Disc

• Growth plate
• The cartilage near the epiphyseal disc
multiplies and eventually becomes
ossified (turns to bone)
• As long as new cartilage continues to
form the bone continues to lengthen.
 Epiphyseal Disc (cont.)
• When the growth plate hardens and
becomes ossified, growth stops
• Hormones play a big part in this
• Growth hormone stimulates growth
• Sex hormones stop growth
 Bone Width
• Long after longitudinal bone growth has
stopped, bones continue to grow in
thickness and width.
• Bones are continuously being reshaped
 Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
 Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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 Bone Remodeling
• A combined action of osteoblasts (bone
forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone
destroying cells)
• Osteoblasts deposit bone on the external
bone surface
• Figure 8-5 (like a brick layer)
• Osteoclasts break down bone from the inside
• Figure 8-5 (like a sculptor)
 Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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 Bone Fractures
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
 Realignment of the bone
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 Common Types of Fractures

Table 5.2

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 Dislocation of joint
• Displacement of bones at the joint
• Often caused by impact trauma to that joint
• Can be more damaging and painful than
a fracture
• Damage to the joint capsule and
surrounding ligaments and tendons often
takes much longer to heal than bone
tissue.
Dislocated Finger
 In Groups of 4
• Locate the fracture/dislocation
• Identify the type of fracture
 Repair of Bone Fractures
 Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
 Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form
a soft callus
 Blood vessels grow into the hematoma
 Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
 Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
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 Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture

Figure 5.5

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 Skeletal System
• Divided into two divisions
• Axial skeleton ~ bones of the cranium,
face, vertebral column, and bony thorax.
• Appendicular skeleton ~ includes the
bones of the pelvic girdles, the upper
extremities and lower extremities.
 The Axial Skeleton

 Forms the longitudinal part of the body

 Divided into three parts
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Bony thorax

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 The Axial Skeleton

Figure 5.6
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 The Skull (28 bones) (18 names!)

 Sits on top of the vertebral column

 Two sets of bones
 Cranium (8 bones)
 Facial bones (14 bones)
 Bones are joined by sutures
 Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.21a
 The Cranium
• Bony structure that encases and
protects the brain.
• 8 bones
1. Frontal Bone ~ forehead/upper part
of the bony structure surrounding the
eyes.
 The Skull

Figure 5.7

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Bones of the Skull

Figure 5.11

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 Human Skull, Superior View

Figure 5.8

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 Human Skull, Inferior View

Figure 5.9

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 The Cranium
2. Parietal Bone (2) ~ upper sides of
the head and the roof of the cranial
cavity (top of the head)
 The Skull

Figure 5.7

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 Bones of the Skull

Figure 5.11

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 Human Skull, Superior View

Figure 5.8

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 The Cranium
3. Temporal Bones (2) ~ sides of the
head, close to ears.
• Commonly called the temples
• Includes the external auditory meatus
• Opening for the ear
• Includes the zygomatic process
• Part of the cheekbone
The Skull (lateral view)
The Skull
The Skull (superior view)
 The Cranium
4. Occipital Bone ~ back and base of the
cranium
• Includes the foramen magnum
• Foramen means hole
• Large hole for the brainstem/spinal
cord
The Skull (lateral view)
The Skull
The Skull (superior view)
 The Cranium
5. Sphenoid Bone ~ forms sides of
cranium and parts of orbits of the eyes
•Butterfly shaped
• Includes Sella Turcica (Turk’s Saddle)
• Where pituitary gland sits
The Skull (lateral view)
The Skull
The Skull (superior view)
 The Cranium
6. Ethmoid Bone ~ irregularly shaped
bone located between the eye orbits
• Major supporting bone of the nasal cavity
The Skull (lateral view)
The Skull
The Skull (superior view)
 The Cranium
• That’s it! No more cranium
bones!

• 206 bones - 8 bones = 198

bones to go…
 Facial Bones
• 14 bones
• Most of these bones come in
pairs
• Only the mandible and vomer
are single bones
 Facial Bones
• Mandible ~ the lower jaw bone
• Carries the lower teeth
• The anterior portion forms the
chin
• Only freely movable joint in
the skull
The Skull (lateral view)
The Skull
The Skull (superior view)
 Facial Bones
• Maxilla (2) ~ Upper jaw
• Two bones fused together
• Roof of the mouth
• Also form parts of the nasal
cavity and eye orbits
The Skull (lateral view)
The Skull
The Skull (superior view)
 Facial Bones
• Palantine Bones (2) ~ form the
posterior part of the hard palate
and the floor of the nasal cavity.
• Failure of the palatine and/or
maxillary bones to fuse causes a
cleft palate.
The Skull (lateral view)
The Skull
The Skull (superior view)
 The Facial Bones
• Zygomatic Bones (2) ~ the
cheekbones
• Also forms a part of the orbits of
the eyes
The Skull (lateral view)
The Skull
The Skull (superior view)
 Facial Bones
• Other Facial Bones

• Lacrimal Bones (2) ~ inner wall of eye

sockets
• Nasal Bones (2) ~ bridge of nose
• Vomer ~ nasal septum
• Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
The Skull (lateral view)
The Skull
The Skull (superior view)
 Facial Bones
• That’s it! No more facial bones!

• 198 bones - 14 bones = 184

bones to go…
 Paranasal Sinuses
 Functions of paranasal sinuses
 Air filled cavities
 Lighten the skull
 Give resonance and amplification to voice

Figure 5.10

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 The Fetal Skull

 The fetal skull is

large compared
to the infants
total body length

Figure 5.13

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 The Fetal Skull
 Fontanelles –
fibrous membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
 Allow the brain
to grow
 Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Figure 5.13

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 The Hyoid Bone
 U shaped

 Found in the upper

neck

 The only bone that

does not articulate with
another bone

 Serves as a moveable
base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
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Hyoid Bone
 Middle Ear
• 3 Tiny bones ~ transmit vibrations
• All derived from Latin words
• Malleus (hammer)
• Incus (anvil)
• Stapes (stirrup)
• Smallest bone in the body
Middle Ear and Hyoid Bones
• That’s it!

• 184 bones - 4 bones = 180 bones to

go…
 The Vertebral Column
• The backbone or spine
• Consists of 26 bones called
vertebrae
 The Vertebral Column
 Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
(act as shock
absorbers)
 The spine has a
normal curvature
 Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
Figure 5.14

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 Vertebral column
• C1-C7 ~ in the neck
region
• 7 cervical vertebrae
• T1-T12 ~ located in
the chest region
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• L1-L5 ~ located in the
lower back
• 5 lumbar vertebrae
 Vertebral column

• Sacrum ~ curved
bone of the lower
back (posterior
wall of the pelvis)
• fused sacral
vertebrae
• 5 vertebrae at
birth
• Coccyx ~ the
tailbone
• 4 vertebrae at
birth
 Vertebral Column
• The vertebrae
become larger as
the vertebral
column
descends…..WHY?
• Vertebral foramen ~
opening for spinal
cord.
• What is the opening
for the spinal cord
in the skull called?
 Vertebral Column
• 180 bones - 26 vertebral column bones
= 154 bones to go!
 The Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
 The chest
region
 Forms a cage
to protect
major organs
 Composed of
sternum, ribs
and thoracic
vertebrae. Figure 5.19a

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 Thoracic Cage
• Sternum ~
breastbone.
• Dagger-
shaped bone
located along
the midline of
the anterior
chest.
 Thoracic Cage
• Ribs ~ 12
pairs of ribs
attach
posteriorly to
the thoracic
vertebrae
• True ribs ~
first 7 pair
• False ribs ~
last 5 pairs
That is it for the axial skeleton!
• 154 bones - 24 ribs -1 sternum = 129
bones to go!!!
 The Appendicular Skeleton

 Limbs (appendages)
 Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
 Pelvic girdle

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 The Appendicular Skeleton

Figure 5.6c
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 The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

 Composed of two bones

 Clavicle – collarbone
 Scapula – shoulder blade
 These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement

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 Bones of the Shoulder Girdle

Figure 5.20a, b
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 Bones of the Upper Limb

 The arm is
formed by a
single bone
 Humerus
 Head of
humerus
allows for
rotation
Figure 5.21a, b
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 Bones of the Upper Limb

• The forearm
has two
bones
• Ulna
• Radius

Figure 5.21c
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 Radius
• Radius ~
locate on the
lateral or
thumb side
when the
palm of the
hand is
facing
forward.
 Ulna
• Ulna~ the
longer of
the two
forearm
bones.
• Located on
the medial
or little
finger side
of the
forearm.
 Bones of the Upper Limb

 The hand
 Carpals –
wrist
 Metacarpal
s – palm
 Phalanges
– fingers
Figure 5.22

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 Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
 Composed of two coxal bones (hip bones)
 Composed of three pair of fused bones
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis
 The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
 Protects several organs
 Reproductive organs
 Urinary bladder
 Part of the large intestine
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 The Pelvis

Figure 5.23a

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 Gender Differences of the Pelvis

Figure 5.23c

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 Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The thigh
has one
bone
 Femur –
thigh
bone

Figure 5.35a, b

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 Bones of the Lower Limb

• Patella ~ knee
cap
• Triangular bone
located within a
tendon that
passes over the
knee.
 Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The leg has
two bones
 Tibia ~ shin
bone
 larger
 Fibula
 Long and
thin
Figure 5.35c

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.40b
 Bones of the Lower Limbs

 The foot
 Tarsal (7)–
ankle
 Metatarsals
(5)–
sole/instep
 Phalanges
(14) – toes
Figure 5.25

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 Joints
 Articulations of bones
 Functions of joints
 Hold bones together
 Provide flexibility
 Ways joints are classified
 By their function
 By their structure
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 Functional Classification of Joints

 Synarthroses – immovable joints

 Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
joints
 Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

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 Structural Classification of Joints

 Fibrous joints
 Generally immovable
 Cartilaginous joints
 Immovable or slightly moveable
 Synovial joints
 Freely moveable

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 Fibrous Joints
 Bones united by fibrous tissue –
synarthrosis or largely immovable.

Figure 5.27d, e

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 Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis

 Bones
connected by
cartilage
 Examples
 Pubic
symphysis
 Intervertebral
Figure 5.27b, c

joints
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 Synovial Joints
 Articulating bones
are separated by
a joint cavity
 Synovial fluid is
found in the joint
cavity
 Reinforced by
ligaments

Figure 5.27f–h

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 The Synovial Joint

Figure 5.28

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 6 Types of Synovial Joints
• Hinge joint
• Movement is like two boards joined
together by a hinge
• Movement in one direction
• Elbow, knees, fingers
 Types of Synovial Joints
• Ball and Socket Joint
• When ball-shaped end of one bone fits into
the cup-shaped socket of another
• Bones can move in many directions
• Shoulder, hip
 Types of Synovial Joints
• Pivot Joint
• Allows for rotation around the length of a
bone.
• Allows only for rotation
• Head (side to side “no” action)
• Forearm joints (palms)
supination/pronation
 Types of Synovial Joints
• Saddle Joint
• When the surfaces of both articulation
bones are saddle-shaped
• Concave/convex
• Thumb
• Wide range of motion
 Types of Synovial Joints
• Gliding Joint
• Interaction of flat surfaces of articulating
bones
• Limited but complex movement
• Wrist, ankle
 Types of Synovial Joints
• Condyloid Joint
• Oval-shaped articular surface of one bone
fits into the oval-shaped depression of
another
• Mandible, knuckles
 Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
 Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
 Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
 Over 100 different types
 The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
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 Clinical Forms of Arthritis
 Osteoarthritis
 Most common chronic arthritis
 Probably related to normal aging processes
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
 Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
 Often leads to deformities
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 Clinical Forms of Arthritis
 Gouty Arthritis
 Inflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood
 Can usually be controlled with diet
 Red meat and wine are high in uric acid

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.54b