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Measures of Central Tendency-2023

The document discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating each measure, and examples of how to find the mean, median, and mode of data sets. The key points are: - The mean is the average found by adding all values and dividing by the total count. It can be affected by outliers. - The median is the middle value when data is ordered. It is less affected by outliers than the mean. - The mode is the most frequent value in the data set. A data set can have one, more than one, or no mode.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views30 pages

Measures of Central Tendency-2023

The document discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating each measure, and examples of how to find the mean, median, and mode of data sets. The key points are: - The mean is the average found by adding all values and dividing by the total count. It can be affected by outliers. - The median is the middle value when data is ordered. It is less affected by outliers than the mean. - The mode is the most frequent value in the data set. A data set can have one, more than one, or no mode.
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measures of Central

Tendency
Lesson Objectives
• Review the terms: statistic and parameter;
• Discuss the basic concepts of measures of
center;
• Discuss the properties and uses of central
tendency; and
• Solve problems concerning the measures of
central tendency.
Parameter is a numerical
measurement describing some
characteristic of a population.

Statistic is a numerical
measurement describing some
characteristic of a sample.
A measure of center/ central
tendency/central location is …
•A value at the middle of a data set
•Measure of average
•Describes and summarizes the data
set
The Mean (Arithmetic Mean)
• Is the measure of center found by adding the data
values and dividing the total by the number of data
values.
• Sample Mean Population Mean
Χ = Σx/n μ = Σx/N
What do these symbols represent?

Σ
X
n
N
Notation
Σ denotes the sum of a set of data values
X variable usually used to represent the
individual data value
n represents the number of data values in a
sample
N represents the number of data values in a
population
Sample Problem
The data below represent the annual
chocolate sales (in billion dollars) for a
sample of six countries in the world. Find the
mean.
2.0 4.9 6.5 5.1 3.2 16.6
Solution:
Χ = Σx/n = (2.0+4.9+6.5+5.1+3.2+16.6)/6
= 38.3/6
= $6.38 billion

The mean annual chocolate sales for the 6


countries is $ 6.38 billion
Properties and Uses of the Mean
• One computes the mean by adding all the values
of the data.
• The mean varies less than or more consistent
the median or mode when samples are taken
from the same population and all three
measures are computed for these samples; it is a
reliable measure.
• The mean is used in computing other statistics
(e.g., variance)
Properties and Uses of the Mean
•The mean for the data set is unique and not
necessarily one of the data values.
•The mean cannot be computed for an open-
ended frequency distribution.
•The mean takes into account every data
value; however, it is affected by extremely
low and extremely high values and may not
be appropriate to use in these situations.
The Median
•Is the measure of center that is
the middle value when the
original data values are
arranged in order of increasing
or decreasing magnitude.
•Often denoted by x᷉
To find the median ,
Sort first the values, arrange them in order, then
follow one of these two procedures:
a. If the number of data values is odd, the median
is the number located in the exact middle of
the list.
b. If the number of data values is even, the
median is found by computing the mean of the
two middle numbers.
Sample Problem 1
Find the median for this sample
of data values :
27,531 15,684 5,638
27,997 25,433
Solution
Sort the data first
5638 15684 25433 27531 27997
Since the number of data values is an odd
number, then the median is :
5638 15684 25433 27531 27997
Sample Problem 2
Find the median for this sample
of data values :
27,531 15,684 5,638
27,997 25,433 8,077
Solution
Sort the data first
5638 8077 15684 25433 27531 27997
Since the number of data values is an
even number, then the median is :
Median = (15684 + 25433)/2 = 20558.5
Properties and Uses of the Median
• The median is used when one must find the center or
middle value of a data set.
• The median is used when one must determine
whether the data values fall into the upper half or
lower half of the distribution.
• The median is used for open-ended distribution.
• The median is affected less than the mean by
extremely high or extremely low values; hence, it is a
resistant measure of center.
The Mode
• Is the value that occurs with the greatest frequency.
• A data set can have one mode, more than one mode
or no mode.
• When two data values occur with the same greatest
frequency, each one is a mode and the data set is
bimodal.
• When more than two data values occur with the same
greatest frequency, each is a mode and the data set is said
to be multimodal.
• When no data value is repeated, we say that there is no
mode.
Sample Problem:
Find the mode of the following data sets
a. 18360 18360 27531 15684 5638 27997 15433
b. 18360 15433 18360 27531 1568 15433 5638
27997 15433
c. 18360 15433 27531 15684 18360 5638 27997
15433
d. 18360 27531 15684 5638 27997 15433
Solution:
Find the mode of the following data sets
a. 18360 18360 27531 15684 5638 27997 15433
b. 18360 15433 18360 27531 1568 15433 5638
27997 15433
c. 18360 15433 27531 15684 18360 5638 27997
15433
d. 18360 27531 15684 5638 27997 15433
no mode
Properties and Uses of the Mode
•The mode is used when the most typical case is
desired.
•The mode is the easiest average to determine.
•The mode can be used when the data are
nominal.
•The mode is not always unique. A data set can
have more than one mode, or the mode may not
exist for a data set.
THE TERM, AVERAGE
• This term is often used for the mean, BUT, it
is sometimes used for other measures of
center.
• To avoid confusion or ambiguity, we use the
CORRECT and SPECIFIC term, such as mean
or median.
• The term average is not being used by the
statisticians.
Critical Thinking and Measures of
Center:
What is the appropriate measure of center to use for
this data set? Justify your choice.

Zip codes: 12601 6100 9210 02116


76177 19102 3404
The zip codes don’t measure or count anything. The numbers
are actually labels for geographic locations.
Playing Times of Popular Songs. Listed below are
the playing times (in seconds) of songs that were
popular in the early 2000s. The songs are by
Timberlake, Furtado, Daughtry, Stefani, Akon,
Ludacris, Beyonce, Nickelback, Rihanna, Fray,
Lavigne, Pink, Mims, Mumidee and Omarion. Find
the measures of center. Is there a time that is
different from others?
448, 242, 231, 246, 293, 280,227, 244, 213,262,
239, 213, 258, 255,257,246
Solution
x =259.6 sec
x=᷉ 246 sec
mode=213 sec and 246 sec

The time 448 sec is very different from the


others.
Environmental scientists measured the
greenhouse gas emissions of a sample of
cars. The amounts listed below are in
tons per year, expressed as CO2
equivalents. Given that the values are a
simple random sample, find the
measures of center.
7.2 7.1 7.4 7.9 6.5 7.2 8.2 9.3
Solution
x =7.6 tons/year
x=᷉ 7.3 tons/year
mode=7.2 tons/year
Evaluation:
1. Mean is _____________________________.
2. The sample mean is computed using the formula,
____________.
3. The mode is _______________________.
4. If the number of the data values in a set is an even
number, determine the median by
__________________.
5. ___________ is used for open-ended distribution.
The body fat percentage (fat%)
of thirteen normal adults
sampled are given as follows :
9.7, 7.5, 11.2, 32.5, 27.4, 31.6,
10.3, 12.4, 25.3, 12.8, 13.2, 29.2
and 30.1.Find the mean, median
and mode of the data set. (show

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