DON

BOSCO
TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
VICTORIAS
Where Soul empowers Technology
 PRAYER TO ST. JOHN BOSCO

O Saint John Bosco, father and teacher of youth,

who labored so much for the salvation of souls, be
our guide in seeking the good of our souls and the
salvation of our neighbor; help us to be mindful of all
our actions and to practice daily our faith;
2

DON BOSCO TECHNICAL INSTITUTE—VICTORIAS

Where Soul Empowers Technology

 PRAYER TO ST. JOHN BOSCO

teach us to love Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament, Mary Help

of Christians and our Holy Father the Pope. And obtain for us
the grace of living and dying as friends of God so that we may
all be gathered together with you in heaven. AMEN.
Saint John Bosco, Pray for us!
Mary, Help of Christians, Pray for us! 3

DON BOSCO TECHNICAL INSTITUTE—VICTORIAS

Where Soul Empowers Technology

Objectives:
• The learners should be able to:
– distinguish mixtures from substances based on a set
of properties;
– reflect on the article about the usage of different
substance responsibly;
– investigate the properties of varying concentrations
of mixtures by using available materials at home
with specific purposes.
 Core Value

Responsible Service
(Discipline)
The Bosconians will be able to reflect on the article
about the responsible usage of different substances
and take action on the proper disposal of their waste
materials especially at home. This is a Bosconian
way of helping the community
Physical Properties of
Solution
 Matter Flowchart

MATTER
yes Can it be physically
no
separated?

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no

uniform? decomposed?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)

Colloids Suspensions
 Pure Substances

• A pure substance has a

definite composition.
• Pure substances can be

elements or compounds

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 Solutions
Solutions, in chemistry, are homogeneous mixtures of
two or more substances.

The substance present in largest quantity usually is called

the solvent. The solvent can be either a liquid or a
solid.

The substance that is present in smallest quantity is said

to be dissolved and is called the solute. The solute can
be either a gas, a liquid, or a solid.

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A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more
substances
The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the
smaller amount(s)

The solvent is the substance present in the larger

amount

12.
An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in
water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.
A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved,
results in a solution that does not conduct electricity.

nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

4.1
 Concept Check

Coke lists as its ingredients as: “carbonated water, high

fructose corn syrup and/or sucrose, caramel color,
phosphoric acid, natural flavors, caffeine”.

What is the solvent?

What are the solutes?

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 Types of Solutions

• Gaseous solutions – air

• Liquid solutions – drinks
• Solid solutions – steel or other alloys

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• Miscible liquids can easily dissolve in one another.

• Immiscible liquids are not soluble in each other.

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Miscible and Immiscible Liquids

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• Solute alters the properties of pure water.
• The presence of dissolved compounds in
water affects the ability to conduct
electricity, its volatility, boiling and freezing
point.
 Conductivity
• Pure water is not a good conductor.
• Tap water contains various dissolved
materials that may affect the ability to conduct
electricity.
• Electricity is the flow of electrons through a
substance known as the conductor.
• Nonconductors or insulators are substances
that resists the flow of electricity.
• The electrical conductivity of a solution depends on
the presence of ions.
• Electrolytes are compounds whose aqueous
solution conduct electricity.
– Weak electrolytes (poor conductors) acetic acid,
ammonium hydroxide, and carbonic acid
– Strong electrolytes (good conductors) strong
acids and strong bases
• Nonelectrolytes are compounds whose aqueous
solution cannot conduct electricity.
 Colligative Properties

• Property of solution that depend on the

number of solute particles but not on the
identity of the solute particles.
–Lowering of Vapor Pressure
–Boiling Point Elevation
–Freezing Point Depression
–Osmotic Pressure Elevation
 Lowering of Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure- pressure of the vapor present

in a equilibrium. It is also said to be volatile.
Nonvolatile solute is a substance that does
not evaporate. The attractive forces between
solute molecules or ions and solvent molecules
tend to tie up the solvent molecules, thus
effecting them from escaping as vapors.
 Boiling Point Elevation
• The boiling point of a solution will be
greater that the boiling point of the
pure solvent.
 Freezing Point Depression
• The freezing point of the solution is
lower than that of the pure solvent.
 Osmotic Pressure Elevation
• Osmosis- a process in which two phases are
at the same initial pressure , there is a net
transfer of solvent across the membrane into
the solution.
 Osmosis: molecular discrimination
• A semi-permeable membrane discriminates on the
basis of molecular type
– Solvent molecules pass through
– Large molecules or ions are blocked
• Solvent molecules will pass from a place of lower
solute concentration to higher concentration to
achieve equilibrium
 Osmotic pressure
• Solvent passes into more concentrated
solution increasing its volume
• The passage of the solvent can be prevented
by application of a pressure
• The pressure to prevent transport is the
osmotic pressure
 Solutions

How does a solid dissolve

into a liquid?

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 How Does a Solution Form?

• Solvent molecules are attracted to surface ions.

• Each ion is surrounded by solvent molecules.

Ionic solid dissolving in water

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 Dissolution vs reaction

dr
Ni(s) + HCl(aq) NiCl2(aq) + H2(g) y NiCl2(s)

• Dissolution is a physical change—you can get back the

original solute by evaporating the solvent.
• If you can’t, the substance didn’t dissolve, it reacted.

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 Factors Affecting Solubility

• Chemists use the saying

“like dissolves like”:
⮚ Polar substances tend to
dissolve in polar solvents.
⮚ Nonpolar substances tend
to dissolve in nonpolar
solvents.

Oil is nonpolar while water is polar.

They are immiscible.

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 Rate of Dissolution

There are several factors that affect the rate or “how

quickly” dissolving occurs.

• Heating
• Agitating
• Increasing Surface Area

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 Solubility of Gases

• In general, the
solubility of gases in
water increases with
increasing mass.
Why?
• Larger molecules
have stronger
dispersion forces.

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 Gases in Solution

• The solubility of
liquids and solids
Increasing does not change
pressure
above
appreciably with
solution pressure.
forces • But, the solubility of a
more gas gas in a liquid is
to dissolve.
directly proportional to
its pressure.

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 Temperature

Generally, the
solubility of solid
solutes in liquid
solvents increases
with increasing
temperature.

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 Temperature and Solubility
Solid solubility and temperature

solubility increases with

increasing temperature

solubility decreases with

increasing temperature

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 Temperature and Solubility
Gas solubility and temperature

solubility usually
decreases with
increasing temperature

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 Electrolytes

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 Electrolyte

Electrolyte: a substance that dissolves in water to give

a solution that conducts electric current

•Any soluble ionic compound is an electrolyte

•Strong acids are electrolytes

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 First Quarter Periodical Test Pointers

• Introduction to Science (Science, Traits, Branches , etc.)

• Scientific Method
• Measurement
• Significant Figures and Scientific Notation
• Elements and Compounds
• Solutions
 Reminder

• Quiz on Wednesday 1pm-5pm

– Elements and Compounds