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Anatomy and Physiology of Thyroid

The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces hormones that regulate metabolism. It contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroid hormones like T3 and T4 into the follicular cavity. The hormones are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine within the follicular colloid. Thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate and help control growth, brain development, thermogenesis and other metabolic processes.

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Ponnan Dasaiyan
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174 views23 pages

Anatomy and Physiology of Thyroid

The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces hormones that regulate metabolism. It contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroid hormones like T3 and T4 into the follicular cavity. The hormones are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine within the follicular colloid. Thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate and help control growth, brain development, thermogenesis and other metabolic processes.

Uploaded by

Ponnan Dasaiyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THYROID GLAND

THYROID GLAND
THYROID GLAND
INTRODUCTION

 Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland situated


at the root of the neck on either side of the
trachea .
 It has two lobes which are connected in the
middle by ISTHUMUS.
 Normally the weight of the thyroid is about
20-40 grams in adults.
 Thyroid is larger in female than in male.
HISTOLOGY

 Thyroid gland is composed of large number of


closed follicles.
 The follicles are lined with cuboidal epithelium
cells, which are called the follicular cells.
 The follicular cavity is filled a colloidal substance
known as thyroglobulin by the follicular cells.
Follicular secrete-----T3(Tri-iodothyronine),
T4(thyroxine/ tetraiodothyronine)
Parafollicular Cells Secrete----Calcitonin
HISTOLOGY
CAPSULE

 Thyroid has a true fibrous capsule and a false capsule.

 The true capsule is formed by the condensation of connective


tissues.
 The false capsule is formed by the pretracheal layer of the
deep cervical fascia.
 The pretracheal layer is attached to the hyoid bone and
oblique line of the thyroid cartilage.
 Because of these attachments, the thyroid gland moves with
deglutition(Swallowing).
ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY

 A pair of superior thyroid artery.


 A pair of Inferior thyroid artery.
 Arteria thyroidea ima
HORMONES OF THYROID GLAND

Thyroid gland secrete three hormones


 Tetra iodo thyronine –T4- Thyroxine
 Tri iodo thyronine-T3
 Calcitonin
SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONE

 Synthesis of thyroid hormone takes place in thyroglobulin in


present in follicular cavity.
 Iodine and tyrosine are essential for the formation of thyroid
hormone .
 Iodine is consumed through diet ,it is converted into iodide and
observed from GIT track .
 Tyrosine is also consume through diet and is observed from the
GT track
 For the synthesis of normal quantities of thyroid hormones
approximately 1 mg of iodine is required per week .
 To prevent iodine deficiency common table salt is iodized with one
part of sodium iodide to every 100,000 parts of sodium chloride.
STAGES OF SYNTHESIS OF THYROID
HORMONE
 Thyroglobulin synthesis
 Iodine trapping or iodine pump
 Oxidation of iodine
 Oxidation of tyrosine
 Coupling reaction
REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE
SECRETION
FUNCTIONS OF THYROID HORMONES

 To increase the overall metabolic rate in the body


 To stimulate growth in Children.
 It stimulates overall activity of cardiovascular system.
 Thyroxine is very essential for the development and
maintenance of normal functioning of the central nervous
system.
 It is essential for normal sexual function

The detailed functions are as below


BASAL METABOLIC RATE(BMR)

Thyroxine increases the metabolic activities of


almost all tissues of the body.
It increases BMR by increasing the oxygen
consumption of the tissues
ON PROTEIN METABOLISM:
Thyroid hormone increases the synthesis of
proteins in the cells.
ON CARBOHYDRATES METABOLISM:
 Thyroxine increases the absorption of glucose
from GI tract.
 It enhances the glucose uptake by the cell.
 It accelarates gluconeogenesis
ON FAT METABOLISM:
Thyroxine decreases the fat storage by
mobilizing it from adipose.
ON BODY TEMPERATURE:
Thyroid hormone increases the heat production
in the body by accelerating various cellular
metabolic processes and increasing BMR.It is
called thyroid hormone induced thermogenesis.
FUNCTION OF CALCITONIN

It is the hormone produced by the para follicular


cells.
It helps to lower serum calcium level by acting
on bones and kidneys in the following manners.
1. Inhibits bone resorption by decreasing
activity of osteoclasts.
2. Increases urinary excretion of calcium and
phosphorous.
Applied physiology

Increased Secretion of Thyroid Hormone is


called Hyperthyroidism.
Decreased Secretion of Thyroid Hormone is
called Hypothyroidism.
 Hypothyroidism in Adult is known as
Myxedema.
 Hypothyroidism in children is known as
cretinism.
GOITER

Goiter means the enlargement of the thyroid


gland. It occurs in both hyperthyroidism and
hypothyroidism. Major cause iodine deficiency.
 Goiter in Hyperthyroidism is toxic goiter.
 Goiter in Hypothyroidism is non-toxic goiter

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