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Module 5 Heat Exchanger Design - Part 3

This document discusses heat exchanger design and provides equations for calculating heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops on the tube-side and shell-side of a shell and tube heat exchanger. It includes equations for turbulent and laminar flow on the tube-side as well as methods for determining shell-side coefficients and pressure drops. An example problem is also provided to design a shell and tube exchanger.

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81 views27 pages

Module 5 Heat Exchanger Design - Part 3

This document discusses heat exchanger design and provides equations for calculating heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops on the tube-side and shell-side of a shell and tube heat exchanger. It includes equations for turbulent and laminar flow on the tube-side as well as methods for determining shell-side coefficients and pressure drops. An example problem is also provided to design a shell and tube exchanger.

Uploaded by

Prince immanent Bopape
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 5

Heat Exchanger Design


Part 3 of 3
2.11 Tube-side Heat Transfer
Coefficient (single phase)
2.11.1 Heat transfer for turbulent flow
A general equation that can be used for exchanger
design is:

(10)

where C = 0.021 for gases


= 0.023 for non-viscous liquids
= 0.027 for viscous liquids
2.11.2 Heat transfer for laminar flow (Re < 2000)
The following equation can be used to estimate the film
heat transfer coefficient:

(11)

Where L is the length of the tube in m.

Notes:
- If the Nu number given by the equation above < 3.5, it
should be taken as 3.5
- In laminar flow the length of the tube can have a marked
effect on the heat-transfer rate for length to diameter
ratios less than 500
2.11.3 Heat transfer factor (jh)

It is often convenient to correlate heat-transfer data in


terms of a heat transfer “j” factor, defined by:

(12)

The use of the jh factor enables data for laminar and


turbulent flow to be represented on the same graph (see
Graph below)
The jh values obtained from the figure above can be used
with equation 12 to estimate the heat transfer coefficients
for heat exchanger tubes and commercial pipes. For this
purpose, equation 12 can be rearranged in a more
convenient form as follows:

(13)

or

(14)

Where

(15)
2.11.4 Coefficients for water

(16)
2.12 Tube-side pressure drop (single
phase)
The following equation can be used to calculate the
pressure drop on the tube side:

(17)
Values of jf for heat exchanger tubes can be obtained
from the figure below (page 668)
2.13 Shell-side heat transfer coefficient
and pressure drop (single phase)
2.13.1 Kern’s Method
Provides a reasonably satisfactory prediction of the heat
transfer coefficient for standard designs but the prediction
of pressure drop is less satisfactory, as pressure drop
is more affected by leakage and bypassing than heat
transfer.
The shell equivalent diameter is calculated using the
flow area between the tubes taken in the axial direction
(parallel to the tubes) and the wetted perimeter of the
tubes.
Shell-side jh and jf factors for use in this method are given in
Figures below (pages 673 & 674) for various baffle cuts and
tube arrangements.
2.13.2 Calculation procedure for single shell pass
exchanger
1. Calculate the area for cross-flow As for the
hypothetical row of tubes at the shell equator, given by:
2. Calculate the shell-side mass velocity Gs and the linear
velocity us:
3. Calculate the shell-side equivalent diameter (hydraulic
diameter):
- For a square pitch arrangement:

- For a triangular pitch arrangement:


4. Calculate the shell-side Reynolds number, given by:

5. For the calculated Re number, read the value of jh from


the Figures above for the selected baffle cut and tube
arrangement and calculate the shell-side heat transfer
coefficient (hs) from:
6. For the calculated shell-side Re number, read the
friction factor from the figures above and calculate the
shell-side pressure drop from:

The term (L/lB) is the number of times the flow crosses the
tube bundle = (Nb + 1), where Nb is the number of baffles.
2.13.3 Shell nozzle pressure drop
The pressure loss in the shell nozzles will normally only
be significant with gases. The nozzle pressure drop can
be taken as equivalent to 1½ velocity heads for the inlet
and ½ for the outlet, based on the nozzle area or the free
area between the tubes in the row immediately adjacent
to the nozzle, whichever is the least.
Example 1
Design an exchanger to sub-cool condensate from a methanol
condenser from 95oC to 40oC. The flowrate of methanol is
100,000 kg/h. Brackish water will be used as the coolant,
with a temperature rise from 25o to 40oC.
Further instructions:
– Use one shell pass and two tube passes
– Use a split-ring floating head type
– Use 25% baffle cut
You may use the following properties:

Cp [KJ/KgoC] Visc. , µ [mNs/m2] Therm. cond., Kf [W/m.oC] Density [kg/m3]


Methanol 2.84 0.34 0.19 750
Water 4.2 0.8 0.59 995
2.14 Shell and tube heat exchanger cost
estimates
Cost Escalation (Inflation)

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